分詞也是一種非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,在句中不能單獨(dú)作謂語(yǔ),沒(méi)有人稱和數(shù)的變化,它可以帶賓語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)構(gòu)成分詞短語(yǔ)。分詞有現(xiàn)在分詞和過(guò)去分詞兩種。
1. 現(xiàn)在分詞和過(guò)去分詞的構(gòu)成
a.現(xiàn)在分詞由原形動(dòng)詞+ing構(gòu)成,
(+ ing) play (玩,扮演, 進(jìn)行比賽) - playing
(去掉末尾的e+ ing)take (拿走, 獲得,占領(lǐng))- taking
(雙寫末尾輔音字母+ ing)stop (停止) – stopping
(把ie改為y + ing)lie (說(shuō)謊, 躺,位于)- lying
b.過(guò)去分詞分兩類,一類是規(guī)則動(dòng)詞,由原形動(dòng)詞+ed構(gòu)成, 如:
start – started - started
excite – excited - excited
copy – copied - copied
stop – stopped - stopped
另一類是不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞,如come, spoken, written等,需記憶。
不規(guī)則變化(考生需要掌握以下進(jìn)行不規(guī)則變化的動(dòng)詞)
1.動(dòng)詞原形、過(guò)去式和過(guò)去分詞完全同形
cut(切, 減少) - cut - cut
hit(打)- hit - hit
hurt(傷害) - hurt - hurt
put(放)- put - put
let(讓, 出租)- let -let
shut(關(guān)) - shut – shut
cost(花費(fèi))- cost - cost
set(放, 設(shè)定) - set – set
2.過(guò)去式與過(guò)去分詞完全同形
find(找到) - found - found
pay(支付) - paid - paid
leave(離開(kāi), 使保持...狀態(tài))- left -left
lend(借出)- lent -lent
meet(遇見(jiàn))- met - met
keep(保持) - kept -kept
lose(丟失) -lost -lost
teach(教) -taught -taught
sit(坐) - sat –sat
lead(引導(dǎo))- led - led
win(贏)- won – won
say(說(shuō),講) – said – said
spend (花費(fèi)) – spent – spent
3.動(dòng)詞原形與過(guò)去分詞同形
come(來(lái)) - came - come
run(跑, 管理,開(kāi)動(dòng)) - ran - run
become(成為) -became - become
4.動(dòng)詞原形,過(guò)去式,過(guò)去分詞形式完全不同
be (是, 在)– was - were
give(給) - gave – given
fly(飛) - flew – flown
drink(喝) - drank – drunk
see(看見(jiàn))- saw - seen
go(去) - went - gone
know(知道)- knew – known
wear(穿)- wore – worn
speak(說(shuō)) - spoke – spoken
write(寫) – wrote - written
注意:lie有規(guī)則變化和不規(guī)則變化兩種,含義不同
lie – lied - lied(說(shuō)謊)
lie – lay - lain(躺,位于)
注意:hang 有規(guī)則變化和不規(guī)則變化兩種,含義不同
hang – hanged - hanged(處絞刑)
hang - hung - hung(掛,吊)
2. 分詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)
現(xiàn)在分詞有一般式和完成式,并有主動(dòng)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。過(guò)去分詞則只有一種形式,現(xiàn)以動(dòng)詞study為例:
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主動(dòng)
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被動(dòng)
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現(xiàn)在分詞
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一般式
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studying
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being studied
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完成式
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having studied
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having been studied
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過(guò)去分詞
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studied
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