l 定語(yǔ)從句
在復(fù)合句中修飾名詞或代詞的從句稱為定語(yǔ)從句。被定語(yǔ)從句修飾的詞叫先行詞,定語(yǔ)從句必須放在先行詞之后。根據(jù)定語(yǔ)從句與先行詞的密切程度可分為限制性和非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。
引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的詞有兩類:
1、 關(guān)系代詞:which, that, who, whom, whose
2、 關(guān)系副詞:when, where, why
限制性定語(yǔ)從句與先行詞關(guān)系密切,如去掉從句,句子的意思就不完整,不明確。從句與主句之間不用逗號(hào)隔開。把限制性定語(yǔ)從句翻譯成定語(yǔ)時(shí),通??梢园岩龑?dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的連接詞譯成中文中標(biāo)志定語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)的虛詞“的”,如:
did you see the letter(信) that i sent(寄) him? 你看到我寄給他的信了嗎?
ⅰ關(guān)系代詞引出限制性定語(yǔ)從句
which, that代替事或物,在從句中做主語(yǔ),賓語(yǔ)(作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)可省略), 表語(yǔ)。who, that代替人,在從句中who做主語(yǔ),whom作賓語(yǔ)(可省略)。whose代替人或物,在從句中做定語(yǔ)。如:
the road(道路) which (that)leads to (通往)the small town (城鎮(zhèn))has been widened(加寬). (which或that 在從句中做主語(yǔ))
i want(想要) the book(書) that(which) you borrowed(借) from the library(圖書館).(that或which在從句中作賓語(yǔ))
students(學(xué)生) who (that)study hard are usually(通常) successful(成功的).(who或that在從句中做主語(yǔ))
2. the man whom(that )you are talking to is the dean(系主任) of our department(系).(whom, that 在從句中作賓語(yǔ))
3. there have been only a few scientists(科學(xué)家) whose work(工作) has changed (改變)man’s total(整個(gè)的) view(看法) of the world(世界).(whose指人,whose所在的結(jié)構(gòu)在從句中做主語(yǔ))