二、閱讀理解考試特點(diǎn)及解題技巧

專業(yè)技術(shù)人員以英語(yǔ)為工具，主要通過(guò)閱讀獲取相關(guān)學(xué)科和專業(yè)的信息，因此，全國(guó)專業(yè)技術(shù)職稱英語(yǔ)等級(jí)考試也主要是考閱讀理解。從考試題型來(lái)看，主要是多項(xiàng)選擇題。該題型在職稱英語(yǔ)等級(jí)考試中占15題，45分(占總分的45%)。另外，全國(guó)專業(yè)技術(shù)職稱英語(yǔ)等級(jí)考試中還采用了閱讀判斷、概括大意與完成句子、補(bǔ)全短文和選擇填空等題型，它們實(shí)質(zhì)上也是考核閱讀能力的題型。由此可見，為了通過(guò)全國(guó)專業(yè)技術(shù)職稱英語(yǔ)等級(jí)考試，必須掌握最基本的閱讀技能，努力提高閱讀理解能力。

全國(guó)職稱英語(yǔ)等級(jí)考試大綱就閱讀理解能力的考核目標(biāo)作了如下規(guī)定：

讀者應(yīng)能綜合運(yùn)用英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言知識(shí)和閱讀技能來(lái)理解本專業(yè)的或一般內(nèi)容的英語(yǔ)書面材料。閱讀能力主要包括下列幾個(gè)方面：

1.掌握所讀材料的主旨和大意;

2.了解闡述主旨的事實(shí)和細(xì)節(jié);

3.利用上下文猜測(cè)某些詞匯和短語(yǔ)的意義;

4.既理解個(gè)別句子的意義，也理解上下文之間的意義關(guān)系;

5.根據(jù)所讀材料進(jìn)行判斷和推論;

6.領(lǐng)會(huì)作者的觀點(diǎn)、意圖和態(tài)度。

根據(jù)考試大綱規(guī)定的考核目標(biāo)，我們歸納出相應(yīng)的六種閱讀理解題的類型，并具體地探討如何答好這些閱讀理解題。

1.掌握所讀材料的主旨和大意

掌握所讀材料的主旨和大意是正確理解全文的關(guān)鍵。對(duì)主題思想的提問(wèn)是閱讀理解測(cè)試的必考題。但提問(wèn)方式及用詞都有差異，這類題常見提問(wèn)方式可歸納如下：

1. The main idea of this passage is _______

2. This passage tells us_______

3. Which of the following statements best expresses the main idea of the passage?

4. Which of the following sentences best summarizes the author's main point?

5. Which of the following best states the theme of the passage?

6. The subject matter of this selection is ______

7. The passage mainly discusses_______

8. This passage illustrates ______

9. This paragraph centers / focuses on ______

10. This passage mainly deals with ______

11. This passage is chiefly concerned with ______

12. The author's purpose in writing this passage is _______

13. What is the passage mainly about?

14. What is the best title of the passage?

15. The major point discussed in the passage is

解答這一類題目的基本方法如下：

A.找出主題句。首先要讀標(biāo)題，因?yàn)闃?biāo)題往往是主題句中的核心詞或概括性的詞。抓住全文中心思想的最快捷的途徑就是找出主題句。主題句一般位于文章或段落的開始，然后圍繞主題展開論述。因?yàn)樵S多作者喜歡采用從一般到個(gè)別的論證或敘述方式，即演繹法(deduction)。這是一種很常見的文章或段落的寫作形式。若作者采用歸納法(induction)，即從個(gè)別到一般來(lái)論證或敘述，主題旬就會(huì)位于段末。除此之外，主題句還有可能位于段落的中間。找到主題句后，就應(yīng)以它為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，在解題時(shí)，凡是與主題句意思最接近的選項(xiàng)必然是正確的答案。

例1

In rock music there is a distinct and almost overwhelming beat.No single beat is characteristic of the music today. But each song has an easily recognizable rhythm.As you listen to a son9，your foot usually starts to pick up the beat.Before lon9，your entire body seems to be moving with it.Your head pounds with the beat，and there is no room for thought.Only the surge of the music is important.In its own way，rock music is as dominant as the rock Gibraltar. Its message is an evergrowing emotional one.

在這一段文章中 “In rock music there is a distinct and almost overwhelming beat.” 為主題句。beat則是句子的信息核心。該詞在第2、4、6句里重復(fù)出現(xiàn)，而第3句中的“rhythm”(節(jié)奏)跟“beat”(強(qiáng)烈的節(jié)奏)意思基本一致，這就保證了主題平穩(wěn)而持續(xù)的發(fā)展。請(qǐng)注意：第8、9句作者重申并總結(jié)了主題句，而不是說(shuō)段末是主題句。

2.了解闡述主旨的事實(shí)和細(xì)節(jié)

為了準(zhǔn)確理解每篇文章或每段文章的中心思想，我們必須要找到與中心思想有關(guān)的事實(shí)和細(xì)節(jié)。一個(gè)好的作者必然會(huì)引用事實(shí)、或分析原因、或?qū)Ρ仁挛镩g的關(guān)系等以論證自己的論點(diǎn)。常用以提問(wèn)這類事實(shí)和細(xì)節(jié)的問(wèn)題有兩種。一種是要求找出文章中的重要事實(shí)或細(xì)節(jié)，這些常與wh0，when，where，which或why有關(guān)。另一種問(wèn)題是辨認(rèn)哪些細(xì)節(jié)在文章中沒(méi)被提及。這些問(wèn)題常有except，not(mentioned/true)，least等。例如：

1. What causes ?

2. Some people do sth. because__________

3. Sb. is … because ________.

4. Why does the author mention ……?

5. Which of the following best characterizes the main feature of……?

6. Where in the passage does the author describe……?

7. Which of the following does the author want to illustrate in discussing ……?

8. What time does the writer think is ?

9. What does the author pay least attention to?

10. Which of the following is not a result of _______?

11. All of the following may be …… except ________.

12. Which of the following is not mentioned?

13. Which of the following statements is true ?

14. The author states all of the items listed except_______.

為了正確回答這一類題目，讀者往往要采用各種閱讀方法和解題技巧，也就是綜合解題法。在通讀全文、掌握文章的中心大意的基礎(chǔ)上，首先要仔細(xì)看懂問(wèn)題，明確問(wèn)的是什么，然后按照題意進(jìn)行尋讀，找到正確答案的根據(jù)。

7. Which of the following does the author want to illustrate in discussing ……?

8. What time does the writer think is ?

9. What does the author pay least attention to?

10. Which of the following is not a result of _______?

11. All of the following may be …… except ________.

12. Which of the following is not mentioned?

13. Which of the following statements is true ?

14. The author states all of the items listed except_______.

為了正確回答這一類題目，讀者往往要采用各種閱讀方法和解題技巧，也就是綜合解題法。在通讀全文、掌握文章的中心大意的基礎(chǔ)上，首先要仔細(xì)看懂問(wèn)題，明確問(wèn)的是什么，然后按照題意進(jìn)行尋讀，找到正確答案的根據(jù)。

3.根據(jù)上下文判斷某些詞匯和短語(yǔ)的意義

在閱讀理解測(cè)試中必然要考查對(duì)詞或詞組的意思的理解。這也是測(cè)試考生閱讀能力的一種方法。在完整的語(yǔ)篇中，單詞和詞組的意義總是受特定的情景、上下文所限制的，因此可以根據(jù)上下文，并利用所掌握的句法、構(gòu)詞法和詞匯等知識(shí)確定它們的意義。掌握這一基本技能不僅能幫助讀者從詞或詞組的多種義項(xiàng)中選擇符合上下文的解釋，而且往往還能推測(cè)某些生詞的大致意思。常見的這類題型有：

1. The word "……" in line …… refers to ______.

2. The expression "……" (line paragraph ……) is closest in meaning to

3. In line……， the word "……" most probably means ________

4. In line……， the word "……" could best be replaced by _________

5. By “……” the author means _________

6. The word "……"， as used by the author， most nearly means ________

7. In this passage， the word "……" means

8. "……" in the context of the passage refers to ???_________

9. “……”， as used in the passage， can best be defined as _________

4.既理解個(gè)別句子的意義，也理解上下文之間的意義關(guān)系

閱讀理解不能僅僅停留在句子水平上。有的讀者對(duì)一篇文章的一些個(gè)別句子好像是理解的，但由于不能理解它們與上下文中其他句子的邏輯關(guān)系，因而整篇文章講的是什么則不能準(zhǔn)確掌握。在閱讀理解測(cè)試中，考核這一閱讀技能的題目是大量的，而且題干的形式和措詞沒(méi)有固定形式，但從考核目標(biāo)和內(nèi)容來(lái)看，這一類題目往往要求讀者準(zhǔn)確理解一些有關(guān)聯(lián)的句子之間的種種邏輯關(guān)系(例如概括和舉例說(shuō)明、前因后果、行為動(dòng)機(jī)、比較、條件或讓步等)。例如：

1. Which of the following may cause/lead to …… according to the passage?

2. Sb. is asked/advised to do sth. Because ________.

3. The aim of…… is/was ______.

4. The best solution for …… seems to be ________

5. is specifically mentioned in paragraph …… as an example of _______.

6. The author argues that a teacher's chief concern should be ________

7. According to the passage/author， people differ in their opinions about .

8. … encourages the use of sth. so that _______

9. According to the passage the new device proved to be _________

10. Which of the following best characterizes the main feature of…… ?

5.根據(jù)所讀材料進(jìn)行一定的判斷和推論

判斷和推理的能力對(duì)深刻理解一篇文章十分重要。特別是對(duì)理解作者字里行間的言外之意以及作者的觀點(diǎn)、寫作意圖和態(tài)度十分重要。所以這也是閱讀理解測(cè)試中常見的題目?jī)?nèi)容。這類題常要求考生推斷文章的含義和引申意思;根據(jù)文章所提供的部分信息或文章的含義進(jìn)行歸納;判斷所節(jié)選文章的某一部分的內(nèi)容要點(diǎn);有時(shí)甚至要求推斷作者的身分。下面是判斷、推理的一些常見的表達(dá)方式：

1. What is implied in the sentence(s) …… ?

2. It is implied in the passage that

3. The passage implies / suggests that

4. It can be inferred/seen/concluded from the passage that

5. Which of the following can be inferred from this passage?

6. Which of the following can be concluded from this passage?

相關(guān)推薦：

職稱英語(yǔ)考試培訓(xùn) 早學(xué)習(xí)早通關(guān)

（責(zé)任編輯：中大編輯）