Grammar: 倒裝句

英語(yǔ)中主語(yǔ)在前,謂語(yǔ)在后的語(yǔ)序稱(chēng)為自然語(yǔ)序。

由于語(yǔ)法、修辭的需要謂語(yǔ)置于主語(yǔ)之前，稱(chēng)為全部倒裝;助動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞等移到主語(yǔ)之前而主要?jiǎng)釉~仍然在主語(yǔ)之后的，稱(chēng)作半倒裝.全部倒裝和半倒裝的句子統(tǒng)稱(chēng)倒裝句。

倒裝句之全部倒裝

全部倒裝是只將句子中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞全部置于主語(yǔ)之前。此結(jié)構(gòu)通常只用與一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)和　一般過(guò)去時(shí)。常見(jiàn)的結(jié)構(gòu)有：

1) here, there, now, then, thus等副詞置于句首, 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常用be, come, go, lie, run。

There goes the bell.

Then came the chairman.

Here is your letter.

2) 表示運(yùn)動(dòng)方向的副詞或地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)置于句首，謂語(yǔ)表示運(yùn)動(dòng)的動(dòng)詞。

In the front of the classroom stands our English teacher.

Ahead sat an old woman.注意：上述全部倒裝的句型結(jié)構(gòu)的主語(yǔ)必須是名詞，如果主語(yǔ)是人稱(chēng)代詞則不能完全倒裝。

Here he comes.　Away they went.

倒裝句之部分倒裝

部分倒裝是指將謂語(yǔ)的一部分如助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)倒裝至主語(yǔ)之前。如果句中的謂語(yǔ)沒(méi)有助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，則需添加助動(dòng)詞do, does或did，并將其置于主語(yǔ)之前。

1)句首為否定或半否定的詞語(yǔ)，如no, not, never, seldom, little, hardly, at no time, in no way, not until… 等。

Never have I seen such a performance.

Nowhere will you find the answer to this question.

Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room.

當(dāng)Not until引出主從復(fù)合句，主句倒裝，從句不倒裝。

注意： 如否定詞不在句首不倒裝。

I have never seen such a performance.

The mother didn't leave the room until the child fell asleep.

典型例題

1)　Why can't I smoke here? 　At no time___ in the meeting-room

A.is smoking permitted B.　smoking is permitted

C.smoking is it permitted D.　does smoking permit

答案A.這是一個(gè)倒裝問(wèn)題。當(dāng)否定詞語(yǔ)置于句首以表示強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)，其句中的主謂須用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。 這些否定詞包括no, little, hardly, seldom, never, not only, not until等。本題的正常語(yǔ)序是 Smoking is permitted in the meeting-room at no time.

2) Not until the early years of the 19th century ___ what heat is.

A.man did know B.man know C.didn't man know D.did man know

答案D. 看到Not until…的句型，我們知道為一倒裝句，答案在C，D 中選一個(gè)。

改寫(xiě)為正常語(yǔ)序?yàn)?，Man did not know what heat is until the early years of the 19th.現(xiàn)在將not提前，后面就不能再用否定了,否則意思就變了。

以否定詞開(kāi)頭作部分倒裝

如 Not only…but also, Hardly/Scarcely…when, No sooner… than

1).Not only did he refuse the gift, he also severely criticized the sender.

2).Hardly had she gone out when a student came to visit her.

3).No sooner had she gone out than a student came to visit her.

so, neither, nor作部分倒裝

表示'也'、'也不' 的句子要部分倒裝。

Tom can speak French.So can Jack.

If you won't go, neither will I.

典型例題

---Do you know Jim quarrelled with his brother?

---I don't know, _____.

A.nor don't I care B.nor do I care C.I don't care neither D.I don't care also

答案：B.nor為增補(bǔ)意思'也不關(guān)心'，因此句子應(yīng)倒裝。A錯(cuò)在用 don't 再次否定， C neither 用法不對(duì)且缺乏連詞。 D缺乏連詞。

注意： 當(dāng)so引出的句子用以對(duì)上文內(nèi)容加以證實(shí)或肯定時(shí)，不可用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。意為'的確如此'。

Tom asked me to go to play football and so I did.

---It's raining hard. 　---So it is.

only在句首要倒裝的情況

Only in this way can you learn English well.

Only after being asked three times did he come to the meeting.

如果句子為主從復(fù)合句，則主句倒裝，從句不倒裝

Only when he is seriously ill, does he ever stay in bed.

as, though 引導(dǎo)的倒裝句

as / though引導(dǎo)的讓步從句必須將表語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)提前 (形容詞, 副詞, 分詞, 實(shí)義動(dòng)詞提前)。

注意： 1) 句首名詞不能帶任何冠詞。 2) 句首是實(shí)義動(dòng)詞, 其他助動(dòng)詞放在主語(yǔ)后。如果實(shí)義動(dòng)詞有賓語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ), 隨實(shí)義動(dòng)詞一起放在主語(yǔ)之前。

Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily.

注意: 讓步狀語(yǔ)從句中，有though，although時(shí)，后面的主句不能有but，但是 though 和yet可連用。

其他部分倒裝

1)so… that 句型中的so 位于句首時(shí)，需倒裝。

So frightened was he that he did not dare to move an inch.

2)在某些表示祝愿的句型中：

May you all be happy.

3)在虛擬語(yǔ)氣條件句中從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞有were, had, should等詞，可將if 省略，把 were, had, should 移到主語(yǔ)之前，采取部分倒裝。

Were I you, I would try it again.

典型例題

1)Not until the early years of the 19th century___ what heat is

A.man did know B.man knew C.didn't man know D.did man know

答案為D.　否定詞Not在句首，要求用部分倒裝的句子結(jié)構(gòu)。

2)Not until I began to work ___ how much time I had wasted.

A.didn't I realize B.did I realize C.I didn't realize　D.I realize

答案為B。

3)Do you know Tom bought a new car? I don't know, ___.

A.nor don't I care B.nor do I care　C.I don't care neither　D.I don't care also

解析：答案為B.　句中的nor引出部分倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)，表示'也不'。由 so, neither, nor引導(dǎo)的倒裝句，表示前一情況的重復(fù)出現(xiàn)。其中, so用于肯定句, 而 neither, nor 用在否定句中

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