第一段

determining whether something should or should not be done could be weighed in many aspects. different people have different answers due to their respective point of view. on balance, my view is that the final judgment should depend on a case-by-case analysis of the two situations. / in my point of view, i agree with the speaker on the grounds that… / at the first glance, this opinion seems to be somewhat appealing, but further reflection tells me that i cannot agree with it for the following reasons.

第二段

**同意

the first and foremost reason why i support / agree with above statement is that …

there is also a further 每 more subtle 每 point to consider.

**反對

although at first glance these arguments sound reasonable and appealing, they are not borne out by a careful consideration.

the undeniable deficiency in above arguments is that they are negligent of the bare fact that...

第三段

in conclusion, it must be explained that these three reasons sometimes intertwine to form an organic whole, thus becoming more persuasive than anyone of them. so, any thinking person must believe that…

Argument

一.開頭部分

in this argument, the arguer concludes that…

to substantiate the conclusion, the arguer points out that…

in addition, the arguer assumes that / reasons that / cites the example of / cites the result of a recent study that…

a careful examination of this argument would reveal how groundless it is.

二.論證駁斥部分

first of all, the argument is based on a false analogy. / the arguer simply assumes that… but he does not provide any evidence that … are indeed comparable. / as we know, … differ conspicuously. / it is true that both… but even here exist fundamental differences:… / therefore, even though…proved effective in doing… there is no guarantee that it will work just as well for…// as a result, a and b do not establish a warranted analogy. so we cannot safely assume that (兩者無法比)

** the author unfairly assumes that a bears some relation to b. / however, the author provides no evidence to support that this is the case, nor does the author establish a causal relationship between a and b. / it is highly possible that other factors might contribute to the b/change/progress. / for example, … it is also likely b just resulted from … / lacking evidence that links a to b, it is presumptuous to suggest that a was responsible for b. (無法建立必然的因果關(guān)系)

** the evidence the author provides is insufficient to support the conclusion drawn from it. / one example is rarely sufficient to establish a general conclusion. / based on a specific example of… , it is logically unsounded to make suggestion for all… / in fact, in face of such limited evidence, it is fallacious to draw any conclusion at all. / unless it can be shown that … is representative of all…, the conclusion that… is completely unwarranted. (單個事例不能說明整體問題)

** by concluding that sb must do a or must do b, the author commits a fallacy of “false dilemma”. / the author assumes that a and b are the only available solutions to the problem. / however, it is possible that other factors might also contribute to the problem. for example,… / if so, just doing a and b would not solve the problem. (還有其他原因)

in addition, the arguer commits a fallacy of hasty generalization. / even if… , which is, of course, an unwarranted assumption, it does not follow that… / it is highly possible that other factors may have contributed to b… / for instance,… / besides, the arguer does not provide any solid information concerning… / unless… , which is unknown from this argument, there is no guarantee that… // without ruling out these and other possible factors that give rise to b, the author cannot confidently conclude that…(結(jié)論得出過早，考慮不周到 )

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