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*These 642 Fellows were the survivors of the 897 Fellows who qualified in the years 1889 to 1948. As noted in a paper published in TSA [XLII (1991): 35-58], a list of those 897 persons is on file in the Society's library.

Growth rates shown are annual compound rates. The numbers of members in 1909 and 1929 include members of the Actuarial Society and the American Institute of Actuaries with duplications removed. The corresponding growth rate during the two years 1990 and 1991 was 6.9 percent.

The average growth rates in the era of the present Society have been consistently above 6 percent per annum, sharply higher than the experience of preceding periods. This contrast reflects the determination of the leadership starting in the 1950s to achieve growth rates high enough to meet perceived needs for actuaries.

In 1896, after some hesitation, an examination system was adopted; the first Fellow by examination qualified in 1900. For some years the examinations were viewed purely as tests of professional qualification, but in the second decade of this century their educational value came to be appreciated; steps were taken to provide textbooks and lectures.2

When some European actuaries launched an international organization in 1895, the North Americans were supporters from the outset; the Fourth International Congress convened in New York in 1903. Another item of special interest was election of the first woman member of the Actuarial Society, Emma Warren Cushman of Boston, also in 1895.

In the short period of seven years between 1909 and 1916, the number of North American actuarial bodies jumped from one to four. In 1909, actuaries of young life companies in the midwestern and southern United States organized the American Institute of Actuaries with headquarters in Chicago. In 1914 the actuaries and statisticians of United States property and liability companies formed what became the Casualty Actuarial Society to meet their own professional needs. And in 1916 actuaries of fraternal societies created the Fraternal Actuarial Association. The resulting organizational proliferation, although somewhat contained by the 1949 merger of the two life actuarial bodies and the voluntary dissolution of the fraternal body in 1980, has defied consolidation efforts of recent years; new perceived needs have more than offset these changes.3

During the first half of the twentieth century, actuaries learned to cope with many new circumstances, notably introduction of group insurance, actuarial involvement in pensions, World War I, the influenza pandemic of 1918, severe financial problems with income disability and annuity coverages, the great depression of the 1930s, social security, World War II, and the advent of computers. Actuaries' experiences with these contain many lessons of value even today.

* * * * * *

Actuarial expertise in the pension field owes its beginnings to two early specialists-George A. Huggins (1881-1959) in Philadelphia and George B. Buck (1891-1961) in New York City. Huggins, who never joined any of the actuarial bodies,4 established himself as the ranking authority of his era on clergy pensions; his work is documented as far back as 1904. Buck gave greatly needed guidance to New York City authorities on municipal pension systems. Gradually after that other actuaries formed consulting firms to serve private and governmental pension plans.

In the quarter-century from the late 1930s (when the United States social security system was new on the scene) to the early 1960s when studies of pension plan structure, investment of pension reserves and broad questions of terminology and concepts of soundness had been explored in depth, the pension segment of the actuarial profession reached maturity. One consequence was an immense increase (which has continued since) in the proportion of Society members practicing in the actuarial consulting field.

Another field that has shown major expansion and evolution has been that of health insurance, both individual and group. Despite heavily adverse experience with disability benefits incorporated into individual life policies in the second and third decades of the twentieth century, major life companies led the way in issuing modern health insurance policies in the 1950s; the Society of Actuaries responded by bringing health insurance into its educational curriculum and publishing a series of texts, the first in 1956, the latest in 1988.

The 1949 merger that created the Society of Actuaries was the inevitable consequence of steadily greater membership overlap and jointly conducted activities, particularly in the educational areas. The selected headquarters city was Chicago; a staff consisting of an Executive Secretary and three assistants served a membership of just over 1,000 persons. The new body was incorporated in Illinois, efforts at federal incorporation having proved fruitless.

The Society of Actuaries promptly set about developing a professional system appropriate to the broadened actuarial responsibilities of the 1950s and turned its attention to the clear need for governmental recognition in both Canada and the United States. Service to members in the emerging specialties of individual contracts and employee benefits was provided in both the educational and meeting program activities. Guides to professional conduct were promulgated; steps to make the profession known to young people in high schools and colleges were taken; research was broadened; and the new field of computers was vigorously explored. In 1957 the Society hosted the Fifteenth International Congress of Actuaries, its theme being electronic data processing.

The instruments found necessary to achieve professional recognition were two new bodies: the Canadian Institute of Actuaries in Canada and the American Academy of Actuaries in the United States, both founded in 1965 through the harmonious cooperation of all the North American actuarial bodies.

In 1968 staff activities in the Society of Actuaries underwent major change by creation of the Executive Director post. Until 1980 the incumbent was required to be a Fellow, but recognition of the primarily administrative duties involved then resulted in recruitment of John E. O'Connor, Jr. to lead greatly increased staff participation in all phases of administration and research.5

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