摘要：語法的重要性幫幫已經(jīng)說過很多次了，沒有語法基礎(chǔ)光靠背單詞是不可能讀懂長難句，也無法在閱讀上取得高分的。為了方便大家記憶，幫幫整理了考研英語語法精煉，希望可以幫助大家更方便的學(xué)習(xí)英語~

　　?肯定否定一致

　　下列形容詞、副詞、代詞從肯定句變成否定句時(shí)，須作相應(yīng)的變化:

　　注意：“so/neither+助動(dòng)詞/情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+名詞/代詞”結(jié)構(gòu)中須用倒裝語序，

　　如：My wife likes classical music very much and so do I. 我的妻子非常喜愛古典樂，我也是。

　　She doesn't like jazz and neither do I. 她不喜歡爵士樂，我也不喜歡。

　　?代詞一致

　　代詞一致是指句子中代詞應(yīng)在數(shù)、性、人稱等方面彼此保持一致，

　　如：One must do one's best to increase production. 員工必須盡全力增加生產(chǎn)力。

　　Everybody talked at the top of his/their voice. 每個(gè)人都用自己最大的聲音講話。

　　If anyone calls, tell him I'll be back in a moment. (him也可用him or her代替) 如果有人打電話過來了，告訴他我等會兒就回來。

　　在寫作中，如果表示不定的人，可以用you, we, one等，需要注意的是：同一篇文章中，只用同一個(gè)不定代詞，而且所有格要與其一致。

　　?就近一致

　　1. 當(dāng)主語由either...... or. neither...... nor , not only ...... but(also) 或or連接時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞通常和最臨近的那個(gè)主語一致。

　　例如：Either you or he is to do the work. 不是你就是他來做這件事。

　　Not only you but also Tom often comes late to class. 不光是你，湯姆上課也遲到。

　　Neither the children nor the teacher knows anything about it. 孩子們和老師都不知道這件事。

　　2. 當(dāng)there be結(jié)構(gòu)后面有并列主語時(shí)，謂語也和最臨近的那個(gè)一致。

　　如：There is a dictionary and many books on the table. 桌子上有一本詞典和許多本書。

　　There are ten chairs and a table in the house. 屋子里有十把椅子和一張桌子。

　　Here is a pen, a few envelopes and same paper far you. 這兒有一支筆，幾個(gè)信封和一些紙給你。

　　這種就近一致的情況在非正式文體中越來越普遍。但在下列情況不提倡。

　　如：Where is your mother and sisters? 你媽媽和你姐妹到哪兒去了?

　　Is your sister and her husband coming to see you? 你姐姐和姐夫要來看你嗎?

　　One in ten are expected to take part in the contest. 預(yù)計(jì)每十個(gè)人就有一個(gè)要來參加這次比賽。

　　3. 做主語的名詞或代詞后接with，together with，along with，as well as等短語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞一般和前面名詞或代詞一致。這些短語前后可用可不用逗號。

　　如：A woman with a baby is coming to the hospital. 一個(gè)婦女抱著個(gè)嬰兒正向醫(yī)院走來。

　　The girl, as well as the bays , has learned to drive a car. 這個(gè)姑娘和那些那孩子一樣也學(xué)會了開汽車。

　　?概念一致

　　英語的一致有三種:主謂一致，代詞一致，肯定與否定一致

　　1. And連接的兩個(gè)或多個(gè)單數(shù)名詞作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式

　　His opinion and mine are different. 他的觀點(diǎn)和我的是不同的。

　　Bob and Peter are deadly rivals. Bob和peter是死對頭。

　　What she says and what she does are totally different. 她說的和做的完全不同。

　　但是如果and連接的是指一個(gè)單一概念時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。

　　Bread and milk has been my breakfast for years. 牛奶面包多年來一直是我的早餐。

　　Her lawyer and old friend is going to marry her.她的律師和老朋友要娶她。

　　All this effort and sacrifice has come to nothing. 所有這些努力和犧牲都白費(fèi)了。

　　由and連接的單數(shù)主語分別有many a，ever y，each，no修飾時(shí)，動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。

　　如：During the holidays, every train and every plane was crowded.假期期間每列火車及每架飛機(jī)都非常擁擠。

　　No boy and no girl has the right to refuse education. 男孩和女孩都沒有拒絕教育的權(quán)利。

　　Man a man and man a woman was moved b this picture。許多男男女女都被這幅畫感動(dòng)。

　　2.如果主語是一個(gè)抽象概念(如不定式、動(dòng)名詞、主語從句等)謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。如果主語是用and連接的兩個(gè)或多個(gè)抽象概念，謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。

　　如：Swimming jogging and cycling are all goad farms of sports exercises.游泳、慢跑和騎自行車都是很好的運(yùn)動(dòng)形式。

　　To live to eat is not a very goad attitude toward life. 活著就是為了吃不是好的生活態(tài)度。

　　To live to eat and to eat to live are very different attitudes toward life.

　　以what，who，why，haw, whether等wh一詞引起的從句做主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞通常用單數(shù);由and連接的兩個(gè)主句如果指兩件事，動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。

　　例如:What he is doing is not clear yet他在干什么還不清楚

　　What he is doing and whether I know him are two different things.他在干什么和我是否認(rèn)識他是兩件不同的事。

　　What she told me is none of your business. 她和我說的什么用不著你管。

　　What she told me and what she told you are totally different things.

　　以what從句為主語的“主一系一表SVC"句型中，如果主句的表語是復(fù)數(shù)，主句謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式;what從句本身是復(fù)數(shù)意義，主句謂語動(dòng)詞也可用復(fù)數(shù)。

　　如：What I need buy now are four tea cups and a pair of sports shoes.

　　我需要買的是四只茶杯和一雙運(yùn)動(dòng)鞋。

　　What were thought to be five dogs were actually five sheep.

　　被認(rèn)為是五條狗的東西實(shí)際上是五只羊。

　　3.集體名詞family，class，crew(全體船員或機(jī)組人員)，crowd, group, committee, audience, government, public, team, staff, population等做主語時(shí)，若作為一個(gè)整體看待，后面謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù); 如就其中每一個(gè)成員來考慮時(shí)，則用復(fù)數(shù)。

　　例如: My family is a big one.我家人多。

　　My family are all music lovers. 我全家人都愛好音樂。

　　Eighty percent of China\' s population are peasants. 百分之八十的中國人口是農(nóng)民。

　　China has a huge population. 中國有眾多的人口。

　　The population of China is the largest in the world. 中國的人口是世界上最多的。

　　People, police, cattle,(牛)，militia(民兵)，poultry(家禽)，vermin(害出)等作主語時(shí)，后面的動(dòng)詞要用復(fù)數(shù)。

　　4.不定代詞either，neither，ever y，each，one，the other, another以及所有的復(fù)合不定代詞作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞只用單數(shù)，包括“every/each/no……and every/each/no……”作主語時(shí)。

　　如：Every/Each plane and every/each pilot is ready to take off.

　　每架飛機(jī)和每個(gè)飛行員都已準(zhǔn)備好起飛。

　　No plane and no pilot is ready to take off.

　　沒有一架飛機(jī)、沒有一個(gè)飛行員已準(zhǔn)備好起飛。

　　Here are two books. Either of them is worth reading.

　　這有兩本書，都值得一讀。

　　Neither of these two dictionaries contains this ward.

　　這兩本詞典都沒收入這個(gè)字

　　Everyone is here. No one is absent. 大家都到了，沒有人缺席。

　　Somebody is using the phone. 有人在用電話。

　　I have two sisters. One is here, and the other is not here.

　　我有兩個(gè)姐妹，一個(gè)在這兒，一個(gè)不在這兒。

　　Each day is better than the one before. 一天比一天好。

　　Either day is OK. 兩天中哪一天都行。

　　5. what，who，which，any，mare，some，half，mast，all，none.等代詞可以是單數(shù)，也可以是復(fù)數(shù)，主要靠意思決定。但指不可數(shù)名詞時(shí)作單數(shù)看待。

　　6.表示時(shí)間、重量、長度、價(jià)值等的單位名詞，盡管是復(fù)數(shù)形式，如果作整體看待，動(dòng)詞都用單數(shù)形式。如果看作組成該數(shù)量的一個(gè)一個(gè)的個(gè)體，則動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。

　　如：Twenty miles is a long way to walk. 走二十英里可是很長的一段路。

　　Ten years is a long time。十年很長。

　　Eight minutes is enough. 八分鐘夠了。

　　Twelve dollars is too dear. 十二美圓太貴了。

　　There are six silver dollars in each of the stacking. 每只襪子里有六個(gè)一美元的銀幣。

　　7. “the+形容詞”表示一類人時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。表示抽象概念或指個(gè)別事物時(shí)謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。

　　如：The old are well taken care of. 老人得到很好的照顧。

　　The beautiful is laved by all. 人人都愛美。

　　8. 如果主語由"a kind/sort/type of this kind/sort/type of +名詞”組成，不管名詞是單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù)，動(dòng)詞通常用單數(shù)。

　　如：This kind of man annoys me. =This kind of men annoys me. 這種人讓我煩。

　　This kind of apple is very expensive. = This kind of apples is…這種蘋果很貴。

　　類似的還有:a portion of(一部分)，a series of(一系列)，a pile of(一堆)，a panel of (一個(gè)小組委員會)，

　　如：A series of accidents has happened here. 這里發(fā)生過一系列事故。

　　9. means作“方法、手段”講時(shí)，單復(fù)數(shù)同形，其前面有each, every, neither, either,等單數(shù)a念的定語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù);若有all, both，these等復(fù)數(shù)概念的定語時(shí)謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。

　　None of the means作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞通常用單數(shù)。

　　如：There is/are no means of learning what is happening. 沒法知道正在發(fā)生什么事。

　　No means is /are left untried. 沒有沒試過的方法了。

　　Every means is to an end. 每一種手段都能達(dá)到一種目的。

　　A bicycle is a means of transport. 自行車是一種交通手段。

　　All possible means have/Every possible means has been tried.所有的方法都試過了。

（責(zé)任編輯：liushengbao）

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