摘要：語(yǔ)法的重要性幫幫已經(jīng)說(shuō)過(guò)很多次了，沒(méi)有語(yǔ)法基礎(chǔ)光靠背單詞是不可能讀懂長(zhǎng)難句，也無(wú)法在閱讀上取得高分的。為了方便大家記憶，幫幫整理了考研英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法精煉，希望可以幫助大家更方便的學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)~

　　?指人的關(guān)系代詞：who, whom, whose, that 的用法：

　　(1) 作主語(yǔ)(who, that )

　　Those who are going to play in the match are to meet at the gate at 1:30 after lunch.

　　那些參加比賽的人午飯后1：30在大門(mén)口集合。

　　在本句中，先行詞是those;關(guān)系代詞who引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，同時(shí)代替先行詞在從句中擔(dān)任動(dòng)詞are going to play 的主語(yǔ)。

　　The man who/that is talking with Mr. Wang is a famous doctor.

　　正在和王先生說(shuō)話的那個(gè)人是一個(gè)有名的醫(yī)生。

　　在本句中，先行詞是the man;關(guān)系代詞who/that引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，同時(shí)代替先行詞在從句中擔(dān)任動(dòng)詞is talking的主語(yǔ)。

　　這個(gè)復(fù)合句可以還原成兩個(gè)句子：The man is a famous doctor. He is talking with Mr. Wang.

　　(2) 作賓語(yǔ)包括作介詞賓語(yǔ)(whom, that )。此種情況下的關(guān)系代詞可以省略;

　　This is just the man (whom/that) I want for the job.這正是我要的做這份工作的人。

　　在本句中，先行詞是the man；關(guān)系代詞whom/that引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，同時(shí)代替先行詞在從句中擔(dān)任動(dòng)詞want 的賓語(yǔ)。

　　Is he the manager (whom/that) you are looking for?

　　他是你在找的那位經(jīng)理嗎?

　　(3) 當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞緊跟介詞作介詞賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，不能用that，也不能省略，

　　如：The book from which I got a lot of useful information was written by a famous scientist.

　　我從中得到許多有用信息的那本書(shū)是一位著名科學(xué)家寫(xiě)的。

　　Who is the boy with whom you were talking a moment ago.

　　你剛才和他說(shuō)話的那個(gè)男孩是誰(shuí)?

　　I know the young couple from whose house the music is coming.

　　?指物的關(guān)系代詞which和that的用法：

　　1. 作主語(yǔ)

　　This is the instruction manual which/that tells you how to operate the computer.

　　這是那本教你如何操作計(jì)算機(jī)的說(shuō)明手冊(cè)。

　　2. 作賓語(yǔ)包括作介詞賓館。此種情況下的關(guān)系代詞可以省略：

　　The chair (which /that) you broke yesterday is now being repaired.

　　你昨天弄壞的那把椅子現(xiàn)在正在修理。

　　The film (which/that) I saw last night was about a soldier who fought in WWII.

　　我昨天晚上看的那部電影是關(guān)于一個(gè)在二戰(zhàn)中打過(guò)仗的士兵的。

　　(本句有兩個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句。)

　　This is the bike for which I paid $ 100.

　　這就是我花了100美元買(mǎi)的那輛自行車(chē)。

　　The car (which/that) he went in was a black Cadillac.

　　他坐在里面走了的那輛汽車(chē)是一輛黑色的卡迪拉克。

　　The accounts of the company, (which/that) I’ve been paying great attention to, are in balance.

　　我一直非常注意的公司賬目，是保持平衡的。

　　3.whose 和of which 指代人或事物，作定語(yǔ)。of which 可用whose 代替;

　　The car whose lights (of which the lights/the lights of which) were all broken was my father’s.

　　那輛所有的燈都破了的汽車(chē)是我父親的。

　　例：His house of which the windows (the windows of which /whose windows) were all broken was a depressing sight.

　　他那所有窗戶都?jí)牧说姆孔诱媸悄坎蝗潭谩?br />
　　That is the book whose cover (of which the cover/the cover of which ) was broken.

　　這就是那本封皮破了的書(shū)。

　　4.關(guān)系代詞的格應(yīng)與它在從句中充當(dāng)?shù)某煞忠恢?。特別要注意插入語(yǔ)，

　　如：Peter is the one who everybody believes will fail to bring off the contract. Peter 是那個(gè)人人都認(rèn)為不能完成合同的人。(everybody believes 是插入語(yǔ))

　　At the election I voted for the man whom I believed to be the most suitable.

　　在選舉的時(shí)候我投了我認(rèn)為最合適的那個(gè)人的票。

　　5.關(guān)系代詞作從句的主語(yǔ)時(shí)，從句的動(dòng)詞必須和先行詞的人稱(chēng)和數(shù)一致：

　　例：These are the operating instructions that/which are written in English 。

　　這就是用英文寫(xiě)成的使用說(shuō)明。

　　Are you staying at the white house which/that is newly completed and which /that has 15 bedrooms, 3 kitchens and 4 toilets?

　　你是住在那幢剛剛竣工、有15個(gè)臥室、3個(gè)病房和4個(gè)衛(wèi)生間的白色房子里嗎?

　　So far as I know, there are many VIPs who are going to attend the reception.

　　就我所知有很多達(dá)官貴人將出席這個(gè)招待會(huì)。

　　6.非限定性定語(yǔ)從句不用that，只用who(whose, whom)和which代表人和物;

　　例：Her brothers, both of whom work in America, ring her up every week。

　　她的兄弟們——兩個(gè)人都在美國(guó)工作——每個(gè)星期都給她打電話。

　　The buses, most of which were already full, were surrounded by an angry crowd，

　　那些公共汽車(chē)——大多已經(jīng)坐滿了人——被一群憤怒的人圍著。

　　That tower block, which cost five million dollars to build, has been empty for five years.

　　那個(gè)塔樓空著已經(jīng)5年了。建它花了500萬(wàn)美元。

　　Cricket, which I know very little about, is a very popular sport in England。

　　板球是英格蘭非常流行的體育活動(dòng)，我對(duì)它知之甚少。

　　The accounts of the company ,which I’ve been paying great attention to, are in balance.

　　公司的賬目是保持平衡的。我一直非常注意這些賬目。

　　7.關(guān)系副詞(=介詞+關(guān)系代詞)：

　　例：I shall never forget the day when (=on which) we first met.

　　我永遠(yuǎn)也不會(huì)忘記我們第一次見(jiàn)面的那一天。

　　The rain came at a time when (=at which) it was not needed.

　　雨下得不是時(shí)候。

　　This is the computer where (=by/on which) he has stolen top-secret documents.

　　這就是他用來(lái)盜竊絕密文件的計(jì)算機(jī)。

　　Here is the place where (=at which) the murder took place.

　　這就是謀殺發(fā)生的地方。

　　He didn’t give any reason why (=for which) I had been fired.

　　他沒(méi)給任何解雇我的理由

　　This is the house in which (=where) my parents used to live.

　　這就是我父母以前住過(guò)的房子。

　　注意事項(xiàng)：

　　(1)在非正式場(chǎng)合， that有時(shí)可用來(lái)代替關(guān)系副詞或相當(dāng)于關(guān)系副詞的“介詞+which”，而且經(jīng)常全部省略，

　　如：In all the years that (=when/during which) I was at collage

　　在我讀大學(xué)的那些年里

　　the reason that(=why/for which)he is not happy

　　他不高興的理由

　　The direction(that)(=in which )the heavenly bodies move can’t be changed.

　　天體運(yùn)行的方向是不可改變的。

　　He is unpopular because people don’t like the offensive way (that)(=in which) he talks.

　　他不受歡迎的原因是他說(shuō)話的方式讓人討厭。

　　(2)是用關(guān)系代詞還是用關(guān)系副詞：

　　關(guān)系詞(包括關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞)是學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)鍵。用關(guān)系代詞還是用關(guān)系副詞，一要看關(guān)系詞在從句當(dāng)中作什么成分;二要看關(guān)系詞所代表的是人、物、時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)還是原因;三要看所引導(dǎo)的是限定性定語(yǔ)從句還是非限定性定語(yǔ)從句。所以同樣的先行詞會(huì)有不同的關(guān)系詞，這是因?yàn)殛P(guān)系詞在從句當(dāng)中擔(dān)當(dāng)?shù)淖饔貌煌鴽Q定的。

　　如：This is the room where/in which we’ll celebrate the New Year.

　　這是我們將要在里面慶賀新年的房間。(充當(dāng)?shù)攸c(diǎn)狀語(yǔ))

　　This is the room(that /which)we’ll celebrate the New Year in.

　　這是我們將要在里面慶賀新年的房間。(充當(dāng)介詞賓語(yǔ)，可省略。)

　　This is the room which /that will be used for the celebration of the New Year.

　　這是那個(gè)將要被用來(lái)慶賀新年的房間。(充當(dāng)主語(yǔ))

　　This is the room (which/that) we’ll use for the New Year dinner party.

　　這是我們將要用來(lái)舉行新年晚宴的房間。(充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)，可省略。)

　　The reason (that /which) he had given was not sound enough.

　　他給的理由不夠充分。(充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)，可省略)

　　The reason why/for which he had done that was not sound enough.

　　他做那件事的理由不夠充分。(充當(dāng)原因狀語(yǔ))

　　This is the house where she lives.這是她住的房子。

　　【比較：This is the house (that/which) she has bought. 這是她買(mǎi)的房子。This is the house that/which I’ve told you is extremely expensive.這就是我和你說(shuō)過(guò)極其昂貴的那幢房子?！?br />
　　I met him in the year when I was first in Xi’an.

　　我剛到西安的那年遇到了他。

　　That is the reason why he did not come that morning.

　　那就是那天上午他沒(méi)來(lái)的原因。

　　(3)定語(yǔ)從句中的時(shí)態(tài)。如果主句是一般將來(lái)時(shí)或過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)，從句的動(dòng)作與主句的同時(shí)發(fā)生，那么該從句要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示一般將來(lái)時(shí)、用一般過(guò)去時(shí)表示過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)。

　　例：Anyone who/that touches the wire will get an electric shock.

　　任何碰這根電線的人將受到電擊。(不用will touch)

　　I would give her anything that she asked for.

　　她要什么我就給她什么。(不用would ask)

　　The first person who/that opens the door will get a shock.

　　第一個(gè)開(kāi)門(mén)的人將被嚇一跳。(不用will open)

　　There will be a special price for anybody who orders a suit in the next two weeks.

　　任何人在下兩周內(nèi)定做套裝都將享受優(yōu)惠價(jià)格。(不用will order)

　　但是，如果從句和主句的動(dòng)作在將來(lái)不同的時(shí)間發(fā)生，則兩部分都要用來(lái)將來(lái)時(shí)，

　　如：Those who will go abroad for training next year will start learning English tomorrow.

　　那些明年出國(guó)受訓(xùn)的人員，將從明天開(kāi)始學(xué)習(xí)外語(yǔ)。

　　注：①先行詞有最高級(jí)形容詞修飾時(shí)，常用that，而不用which：

　　例：Edison was one of the greatest inventors that ever lived.

　　愛(ài)迪生是曾經(jīng)有過(guò)的最偉大的發(fā)明家之一。

　　This is the best film that I’ve ever seen.

　　這是我曾經(jīng)看過(guò)的最好的電影。

　　She was the greatest woman that/who has ever lived.

　　她是曾經(jīng)有過(guò)的最偉大的女人。

　　②先行詞有the same, the very, the first, the last, all, no, the only, much, little, none, any, every等時(shí)，常用that, 而不用which：

　　例：He was the first man that we saw in the village.

　　他是我們?cè)谀莻€(gè)村子里看到的第一個(gè)人。

　　There is little that is interesting.

　　沒(méi)什么令人感興趣。

　　I still remember the first time that we met.

　　我仍然記得我們第一次見(jiàn)面的時(shí)候。

　　I’ll do anything (that) I can to help you.

　　我將盡一切可能幫助你。

　　Everything that can be done has been done.

　　能做的一切都做了。

　　God bless this ship and all who sail in her.

　　愿上帝保佑此船和所有乘此船航行的人。

　　All that I can say is thank you very much.

　　我能說(shuō)的是(千言萬(wàn)語(yǔ)變成一句話)：非常感謝你。

　?、郛?dāng)先行詞既有人又有物時(shí)，用that，不用which，

　　如：We were deeply impressed by the workers and their working conditions that we had visited.

　　我們參觀過(guò)的工人及他們的工作條件留下了深刻印象。

　　We listened to him talk about the men and books that interested him。

　　我們聽(tīng)他談?wù)撍信d趣的人物和書(shū)籍。

　?、茉趕ame和such之后，定語(yǔ)從句用as引導(dǎo)，

　　如：Let’s discuss only such questions as concern us.

　　讓我們只討論與我們有關(guān)的問(wèn)題。

　　I’ve never heard such stories as he tells.

　　我從來(lái)沒(méi)聽(tīng)說(shuō)過(guò)他講的這種故事。

　　I shall be surprised if he does this in the same way as I do.

　　如果他做這件事的方法和我一樣，那就奇怪了。

　　She works in the same office as I do.

　　她和我在同一個(gè)辦公室工作。

　　She wears the same kind of clothes as her sister does.

　　她姐妹倆穿同樣的衣服。

　　He’s wearing the same dress as he wore at Mary’s wedding.

　　他穿著與他在Mary的婚禮上穿的一樣的衣服。

　　This is the same watch as I have lost.

　　這塊表和我丟的那塊一樣。

　　I’ve never seen such kind of people as they are.

　　我從來(lái)沒(méi)見(jiàn)過(guò)像他們這樣的人。

　　I’ve never seen such kind people as they are.

　　我從來(lái)沒(méi)見(jiàn)過(guò)象他們這樣厚道的人。

　　I want the same shirt as my friend’s.

　　我要一件跟我朋友一樣的襯衫。

　　Such machines as are used in our workshop are made in china.

　　我們車(chē)間使用的這種機(jī)器是中國(guó)制造的。

　　但是，如果從句和主句的動(dòng)作在將來(lái)不同的時(shí)間發(fā)生，則兩部分都要用來(lái)將來(lái)時(shí)，

　　as 引導(dǎo)非限定性定語(yǔ)從句即可放在主句之前，也可放在主句之后，用來(lái)修飾整個(gè)句子。當(dāng)as在從句中作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，后面常接下列句型。如：as is known, as is said, as is reported as is announced 等。

　　例如：As we all know, Mr. Wang is a good teacher.

　　As is known to all, the earth revolves round the sun.

　　He is tired, as you can see.

　　As I expected, he didn’t believe me.

　　As 引導(dǎo)非限定性定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)與which的區(qū)別：當(dāng)主句和從句語(yǔ)義一致時(shí)，用as;反之，用which。

　　如：He made a long speech, as was expected.

　　He made a long speech, which was unexpected.

　　Tom drinks a lot every day, which his wife doesn’t like at all.

　　但是，如果從句和主句的動(dòng)作在將來(lái)不同的時(shí)間發(fā)生，則兩部分都要用來(lái)將來(lái)時(shí)，

　　注：⑤在“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”的結(jié)構(gòu)中，也可用復(fù)雜介詞，如：by means of (用，依靠)，as a result of (作為結(jié)果)等：

　　例：I have three children, one daughter and two sons, all of whom graduated from the same university .

　　我有三個(gè)孩子：一個(gè)女兒、兩個(gè)兒子，他們都畢業(yè)于同一所大學(xué)。

　　The police, in whom I have great confidence, are trying to find out who did it.

　　我對(duì)警察有極大的信心，他們正在努力尋找是誰(shuí)做的這件事。

　　This is the part of the river in which I like to swim.

　　(in which=where)

　　我喜歡在這條河里面游泳，這就是(我喜歡游的)那個(gè)地方。

　　The man from whom you bought the house is my uncle.

　　你從他那里買(mǎi)下房子的那個(gè)人是我叔叔。

　　This is the desk by means of which he jumped over the wall.

　　這就是他用來(lái)跳過(guò)墻去的那張桌子。

　　She was running a fever, as a result of which she failed in the exam.

　　她當(dāng)時(shí)正發(fā)燒，所以考試失敗了。

　　He is the man from whose house the picture was stolen.

　　他就是那個(gè)家里的畫(huà)被偷了的人。

　　注：⑥一個(gè)先行詞后面可以跟一個(gè)以上的定語(yǔ)從句，這種現(xiàn)象叫雙重關(guān)系從句：

　　例：Here are some words which are often used but which are very confusing.

　　這里有些常用但非?；靵y的詞。

　　He is the only person that I can find who is able to solve the problem.

　　他是我能找到的唯一解決這個(gè)問(wèn)題的人。

　　但是當(dāng)介詞放在從句末尾時(shí)，作為介詞賓語(yǔ)的關(guān)系代詞可以用that 并且可以省略。

　　如上頭兩句可改為：

　　The book (that /which) I got a lot of information from was written by a famous scientist.

　　Who is the boy (that/whom) you were talking with a moment ago?

（責(zé)任編輯：liushengbao）

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