lecture神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞研究。來源：考試大
　　教授說早期對人類大腦的研究集中在神經(jīng)細(xì)胞neuron，讓一男生起來回答上節(jié)課的主要內(nèi)容，男生說生物電生物電bioelectricity 通過神經(jīng)細(xì)胞傳導(dǎo)，通過兩個(gè)神經(jīng)細(xì)胞的接觸點(diǎn)傳到下一個(gè)細(xì)胞，有趣的是。。說到這里被教授打斷，說他答得已經(jīng)很完整了（有題，問教授打斷他的用意）。神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞glial cells的作用在早期被忽視了，人們認(rèn)為膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞只有支持神經(jīng)細(xì)胞的作用。后來人們發(fā)現(xiàn)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞也有傳導(dǎo)信息的作用，不是通過生物電，而是化學(xué)物質(zhì)傳導(dǎo)。于是總共有三種傳導(dǎo)方式，神經(jīng)細(xì)胞間，膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞間，神經(jīng)和膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞互相傳導(dǎo)。而且發(fā)現(xiàn)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞的數(shù)量及其巨大，遠(yuǎn)多于神經(jīng)細(xì)胞。同時(shí)還可能有修復(fù)神經(jīng)細(xì)胞，決定哪些神經(jīng)長的大［記得可能不準(zhǔn)］。教授又說，膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞可能與智力有關(guān)，越多智商越高，但這不確定。教授說對膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞的研究是一個(gè)很open up的領(lǐng)域，建議學(xué)生們可以考慮畢業(yè)后作深入研究（有題）。
重要：biology 講glial cell。以往人們對神經(jīng)傳導(dǎo)的研究僅限于neuron（神經(jīng)元），也叫nerve cell。神經(jīng)傳導(dǎo)通過electrical communication從一個(gè)結(jié)點(diǎn)傳到另一個(gè)結(jié)點(diǎn)，神經(jīng)元被認(rèn)為起主要作用，glial cell研究的很少，一直被忽略，被看作help the growth of neurons (出題)，起輔助作用。后來偶然發(fā)現(xiàn)大腦中g(shù)lial cell比neuron的數(shù)目多很多，glial cell引起了科學(xué)家的重視，開始研究它究竟起什么作用（此處出題，問glial cell怎么引起科學(xué)家注意的）。后來有一重大突破， 發(fā)現(xiàn)glial cell傳導(dǎo)信號不是用的electrical signal，而是用chemical conductor（一說chemical communication）（此處出題）。傳統(tǒng)觀點(diǎn)一直誤以為glial cell也像nerve cell一樣用電信號。后來談到glial cell可能的作用：使人更intelligent。對glial cell的認(rèn)識(shí)目前十分有限，但相關(guān)研究已經(jīng)開始流行，是大家畢業(yè)之后可選的研究課題（此處出題）
Glial cell is thought to help the growth of neurons. However, scientists accidentally discover that glial’s amount is much more than the neuron. So glial attract people’s attention. They use chemical conductor to communicate with others. So glial to neuron, g to n, g to g, n to n are all available. In the past glial was thought to support nerve cell.
　　Glial cells (神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞)and Neurons （神經(jīng)細(xì)胞）
　　Glial cells, commonly called neuroglia or simply glia, are non-neuronal cells that provide support and nutrition, maintain homeostasis, form myelin, and participate in signal transmission in the nervous system. In the human brain, glia are estimated to outnumber neurons by about 10 to 1.[1]
Glial cells provide support and protection for neurons, the other main type of cell in the central nervous system. They are thus known as the "glue"膠水 of the nervous system. The four main functions of glial cells are to surround neurons and hold them in place固定, to supply nutrients and oxygen to neurons供養(yǎng), to insulate one neuron from another隔開, and to destroy pathogens and remove dead neurons破壞病菌，轉(zhuǎn)移死N.
　　Glia was discovered in 1856 by the pathologist Rudolf Virchow in his search for a 'connective tissue' in the brain大腦的連接組織.The human brain contains about ten times more glial cells than neurons. [1] Following its discovery in the late 19th century, this fact underwent significant media distortion, emerging as the famous myth claiming that "we are using only 10% of our brain". The role of glial cells as managers of communications in the synapse突觸 gap, thus modifying learning pace, has been discovered only very recently
　　In addition to neurons, the nervous system is populated with another category of cells, glial cells. Glial cells are approximately 10 times more plentiful than neurons, but since they are approximately one-tenth the size, they take up equal size, glia is a Greek term meaning glue, researches originally believed that glial cells served as the putty that held the neurons together, recent research indicates that these cells provide very important contributions.
a neuron is the functioning unit of the nervous system, specialized to receive, integrate, and transmit information, the flow of information moves in the following direction.
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