Smoking Can Increase Depressive Symptoms in teens(B級(jí))

While some teenagers may puff on cigarettes to “self-medicate” against the blues, scientists at the University of Toronto and the University of Montreal have found that smoking may actually __1_ depressive symptoms in some teens.

“This observational study is one of the few to examine the perceived _2__ benefits of smoking among teens,” says lead researcher Michael Chaiton, a research associate at the Ontario Tobacco Research Unit of the University of Toronto. “_3__ cigarettes may appear to have self-medicating effects or to _4___ mood, in the long term we found that teens who started to smoke reported higher depressive symptoms.”

As part of the study, some 662 high school teenagers completed up to 20 questionnaires about their use of cigarettes to _5___ mood. Secondary schools were selected to provide a mix of French and English participants, urban and rural schools, and schools _6__ in high, moderate and low socioeconomic neighborhoods.

Participants were _7___ three groups: never smokers; smokers who did not use cigarettes to self-medicate, improve mood or physical _8__; smokers who used cigarettes to self-medicate. Depressive symptoms were measured using a scale that asked how often participants felt too tired to do things; had _9__ going to sleep or staying asleep; felt unhappy, sad, or depressed; felt _10___ about the future; felt vexed, antsy or tense; and worried too much about things.

“Smokers who _11___ cigarettes as mood improvers had higher risks of elevated depressive symptoms than teens who had never smoked,” says co-researcher Jennifer O’Loughlin, a professor at the University of Montreal Department of Social and Preventive Medicine. “Our study found that teen smokers who reported emotional benefits from smoking are at higher risk of _12__ depressive symptoms.”

The _13__ between depression and smoking exits principally among teens that use cigarettes to _14___. “It’s _15__ to emphasize that depressive symptom scores were higher among teenagers who reported emotional benefits from smoking after they began to smoke,” says Dr. Chaiton.

1. A examine B increase C decrease D diagnose

2. A social B financial C emotional D political

3. A Whatever B Although C Whenever D S\What

4. A improve B increase C decrease D help

5. A affecting B cause C effect D affect

6. A exposed B expanded C located D detected

7. A divided into B dividing into C divided D divided to

8. A world B activity C state D beauty

9. A time B courage C energy D trouble

10. A hopeless B hope C hopeful D hopes

11. A use B used C took D take

12. A changing B identifying C developing D overcoming

13. A difference B association C cooperation D agreement

14. A feel stronger B feel healthier C feel well D feel better

15. A illogical B unscientific C meaningless D important