Avalanche and Its Safety

An avalanche is a sudden and rapid flow of snow,often mixed with air and water,down a mountainside,Avalanches are____1____ the biggest dangers in the mountains for both life and property.

All avalanches are caused by an over-burden of material,typically snowpack,that is too massive and unstable for the slope____2____ supports it,Determining the critical load,the amount of over-burden which is____3____ cause an avalanche,____4____ acomplex task involving the evaluation of a number of factors.

Terrain slopes flatter than25degrees or steeper than60degrees typically have a low ____5____ of avalanche,Snow does not____6____ significantly on steep slopes;also,snow does not ____7____ easily on flat slopes,Human-triggered avalanches have the greatest incidence when the snow‘s angle of rest1 is____8____ 35 and45 degrees;the critical angle,the angle at which the human incidence of avalanches is greatest,is38degrees,The rule of thumb2 is： A slope that is____9____ enough to hold snow but steep enough to ski has the potential to generate an avalanche,regardless of the angle,Additionally3,avalanche risk increases with ____10____;that is,the more a slope is disturbed by skiers,die more lijkely it is that an avalanche will occur.

Due to the complexity of the subject,winter travelling in the backcountry4 is never 100% safe,Good avalanche safety is a continuous____11____，,including route selection and examination of the snowpack,weather____12____ and human factors,Several well-known good habits can also____13____ the risk,If local authorities issue avalanche risk reports,they should be considered and all warnings should be paid ____14____ to,Never follow in the tracks of others without your own evaluations;snow conditions are almost certain to have changed since they were made,Observe the terrain and note obvious avalanche paths where plants are____15____ or damaged,Avoid traveling below others who might trigger an avalanche.

詞匯：

avalanche / '?v?l?nt?,-lɑ?n? / n.雪崩

snowpack / 'sn??p?k / n.積雪場

terrain / te're?n / n.地形，地勢

steep / sti?p / adj.險(xiǎn)峻的，陸峭的

trigger / 'tr?g?(r) / v.引起，激發(fā)

incidence / '?ns?d?ns / n.發(fā)生(率)

ski / ski? / v.滑雪

complexity / k?m'pleks?t? / n.復(fù)雜性

注釋：

1.angle of rest：這里指積雪保持靜止的角度。

2.rule of thumb：指“a broadly accurate principle,based on experience or practice rather than theory”，即“通用法則，經(jīng)驗(yàn)法則'

3.Additionally：是一個(gè)副詞，用來引人新的事實(shí)或論點(diǎn)，意為“此外”。

4.backcountry：人煙稀少的地區(qū)

練習(xí)：

1,A among B of C to D in

2.A when B that C who D whose

3.A mostly B likely C clearly D surely

4.A are B will be C is D was

5.A weight B form C risk D work

6.A fall B flow C roll D gather

7.A fall B flow C roll D gather

8.A among B between C with D for

9.A thick B thin C flat D rocky

10.A use B time C snow D rain

11.A journey B trip C fact D process

12.A conditions B reports C forecast D event

13.A increase B reduce C improve D remove

14.A price B effort C attention D money

15.A missing B grown C big D fresh

答案與題解：

1.A 表“雪崩是山上可能發(fā)生的最大危險(xiǎn)之一”的意思，因此應(yīng)該選擇among(在……之中)。

2.B 從該句的語法結(jié)構(gòu)上來看，此處需要一個(gè)關(guān)系代詞，代替slope，所以that是最佳選擇。選項(xiàng)A、C、D均不符合語法。

3.B 選項(xiàng)A不合語法，C和D符合語法，但不符合常識：過度的雪的積壓可能導(dǎo)致雪崩，而不是必定導(dǎo)致雪崩。所以，B是最佳答案。

4.C 該句的主語是Determining the critical load，從上下文來看應(yīng)該使用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，所以C是正確答案。

5.C 要確定本題答案的一個(gè)有效的方法是排除法。a low weight/form work of avalanche都不合邏輯，只有a low risk of avalanche符合上下文的意思。下面的句子解釋了low risk of avalanche的道理，更證實(shí)了選risk是正確的。

6.D 第6題和第7題可以一起考慮。整個(gè)句子的意思是：在較陡峭的坡面上，雪不會(huì)大量堆積。在較為平坦的坡面，雪不會(huì)輕易滑動(dòng)。

7.B 見注釋6.

8.B 理解了句子的意思就不難判斷選項(xiàng)：雪在靜止?fàn)顟B(tài)下，角度在35° ~45°之間，最可能發(fā)生人為觸發(fā)的雪崩。between：在……之間。

9.C 這個(gè)句子說明的是什么樣的山坡最易發(fā)生雪崩，即A slope that is flat enough to hold snow but steep enough to ski.flat在此作“平坦”解，與后面的steep形成反義。

10.A 句中的that is表明，后半部分是對前半部分的進(jìn)一步說明。所以，這里的選擇要根據(jù)下文的意思判斷。use是最佳選擇，整個(gè)句子的意思是：山坡被滑雪者使用得越多，雪崩就越有可能發(fā)生。

11.D 盡管選項(xiàng)A、B和D都能和continuous搭配，從全段的內(nèi)容判斷，只有process是最佳選擇，因?yàn)樵摱蚊鑼懙氖侨绾畏纻溲┍酪约叭绾巫龊冒踩胧┑纫幌盗袉栴}。

12.A 選項(xiàng)A、B、C都可以與weather搭配，但是根據(jù)上下文，只有A最為符合文章的內(nèi)容。

13.B 選項(xiàng)A不符合句子的意思;C不能和risk搭配;D也不符合句子的意思，因?yàn)椴豢赡芡耆┍赖碾[患。

14.C 該句主句使用的是被動(dòng)語態(tài)，第二個(gè)動(dòng)詞是pay attention to的被動(dòng)形式。選項(xiàng)A、B、D均不符合句子的意思。

15.A 該句是作者給出的一系列忠告之一，即認(rèn)真觀察地形，注意明顯的雪崩路徑：沒有植物或植物被毀壞的地方。選項(xiàng)B、C、D均不符合句意。

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