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 Text A    the language of uncertainty

1.dominate v. rule， control （統(tǒng)治，支配，控制）

domination n. 統(tǒng)治、支配、控制

1）He felt ill at ease living in a white-dominated society. （他覺得生活在一個白人統(tǒng)治的社會里很不自在。）

2）His opinion dominated the other members of the committee.（他的看法對委員會的其他成員起了決定性影響。）

3）This issue dominated the discussion. （這個議題在討論中占了首要地位。）

4）Agriculture has lost its dominance in many countries. （農(nóng)業(yè)在許多國家已失去了優(yōu)勢。）

5）The domination of Europe over the rest of the world has long since declined.（歐洲對世界其他地區(qū)的支配作用早已衰弱。）

2.judgment n. 判決；看法；判斷

judge v. 審判；判斷；認(rèn)為 n. 法官；裁判員

1）He hoped the judgment would be in his favor. （他希望判決對他有利。）

2）He sometimes couldn't live with himself if he made a mistake in judgment.（如果判斷失誤，他有時不能容忍自己。）

3）In my judgment， we should do it right now. （依我看，我們應(yīng)該馬上做這件事。）

4）He was brought to the judge， accused of stealing. （他被指控行竊而帶到法官面前受審。）

5）Mr. Li is going to be a judge of a beauty contest. （李先生將做選美比賽的評判員。）

6）The young man was judged innocent. （那個年輕人被判無罪。）

7）We cannot judge whether it is right or wrong. （我們不能判斷這是對還是錯。）

8）I judge she knew what she was doing. （依我看，她當(dāng)時知道她在干什么。）

3.editorial n. 社論 adj. 編輯的

editor n. 編輯

edit v. 編輯；校訂；修改

1）This issue carries a weighty editorial on education. （這期登了一篇有關(guān)教育的很有分量的社論。）

2）The editorial policies haven't changed a bit over the years. （這些年來編輯方針沒有絲毫改變。）

3）He was made assistant editor on the paper. （他被任為那報紙的助理編輯。）

4）The chief editor was on a business trip. （主編出差了。）

5）Scholars often edit Shakespeare's plays. （學(xué)者們常校訂莎士比亞的劇本。）

6）He is carefully editing his speed. （他正在仔細(xì)修改自己的講稿。）

4.wage n. 工資，報酬 v. 進(jìn)行，開展

wage（s）通常指付給從事體力勞動或技術(shù)工作的人們的報酬，也可以指按星期付給從事該類工作的人們的工資。

1）They stopped working to press for better wages and working conditions.（他們停止工作，要求更高的報酬和更好的工作條件。）

2）His wages are 200 dollars a week. （他的工資是200美元一周。）

3）They waged a campaign against cheating on exams. （他們開展了反對考試作弊的運(yùn)動。）

4）Germany waged a war against Poland. （德國對波蘭開戰(zhàn)。）

5.probability n. 可能性；概率

probable adj. 可能的

在前一單元中，我們學(xué)習(xí)了副詞probably，同時也講了名詞probability和形容詞probable的用法。再請看幾個例句：

1）The probability of an earthquake disturbed everybody. （地震的可能使每一個人不安。）

2）In all probability， they could perform many different musical instruments.（他們很可能會演奏許多種不同的樂器。）

3）Every event has a particular probability of occurring. （每個事件都有其特定的發(fā)生率。）

4）This is the most probable interpretation of the situation. （這是對形勢的最可能的解釋。）

5）Xiao Wang is the probable winner. （小王是頗有希望得勝的人。）

6）It is probable that he forgot. （他或許是忘記了。）

6.verbal adj. 言辭的；口頭的；動詞的

1）This job calls for excellent verbal talent. （這份工作需要極好的口才。）

2）The difference is merely verbal. （差別僅僅在于措辭。）

3）“en” and “-ize” are common verbal endings. （“en” 和 “-ize”是常見的動詞詞尾。）

verbal instructions （文字說明） a verbal protest （口頭抗議）

a verbal agreement （口頭協(xié)議）

7.imprecision n. 不精確，不正確 imprecise adj. 不精確的；不正確的

im-是一個前綴，通常加在以 “m”、 “p”、或 “b”為首的形容詞、副詞和名詞前，構(gòu)成反義詞。如：immature （不成熟的），immodest （不謙虛的），immoral （不道德的）；impossible （不可能的）， impolite （不禮貌的），impatience （不耐心）；imbalance （不平衡）等等。

-ion是一個名詞后綴，我們已經(jīng)多次碰到過，如protection （保護(hù)）， extension （延伸）。

1）The imprecision of the ordinary words led to many misunderstandings.（日常用詞意義的含混引起了許多誤解。）

2）The imprecision of the ruler gave him a lot of trouble. （尺子的不精確給他帶來了很多麻煩。）

3）My ideas about it were imprecise. （我對這個問題的看法不準(zhǔn)確。）

4）The terms he used were imprecise. （他用的術(shù)語不確切。）

8.denote v. indicate， show （指示；代表；是…的標(biāo)記）

1）Dark clouds denote rain. （烏云是下雨的預(yù)兆。）

2）Red flares denote danger. （紅色火焰是危險的標(biāo)記。）

3）My identity was denoted by a plastic label on my wrist. （我手腕上的塑料標(biāo)簽表明了我的身份。）

9.subjective adj. 主觀的

subject n. 主觀；題目；學(xué)科；臣民；主語 adj. 受支配的；易受…的

1）It is only my subjective impression. （這僅是我的主觀印象。）

2）How can you fully believe his subjective judgement？ （你怎能完全相信他的主觀判斷？）

3）What's the subject for today’s debate？ （今天辯論的題目是什么？）

4）I am taking four subjects this semester. （本學(xué)期我選四門課。）

5）He is a British subject. （他是英國臣民。）

6）India is no longer subject to British rule. （印度不再受英國統(tǒng)治了。）

7）This area is subject to seasonal winds. （這個地區(qū)常遭受季風(fēng)的襲擊。）

10.potentially adv. 可能地，潛在地

potential adj. 潛在的，可能的 　n. 潛力，可能性

1）Electricity is potentially dangerous. （電是潛力的危險。）

2）The dispute has scared away potential investors. （這場爭論嚇跑了可能的投資者。）

3）The hole in the road is a potential danger. （路上的那個坑是個潛在的危險。）

4）The system gives everyone a chance to tap one's potential to the full.（這種體制給了每個人充分發(fā)揮潛能的機(jī)會。）

11.prediction n. 預(yù)言；預(yù)報

predict v. 預(yù)言，預(yù)報

pre-是一個前綴，表示before， 如：prehistoric （史前的），preschool （學(xué)前）。

dict是個詞根，意思是to say， 如：contradict （矛盾；否定），dictator （獨(dú)裁者；口授者）

1）Have you listened to the weather prediction for the day？ （你聽了當(dāng)天的天氣預(yù)報了嗎？）

2）They made prediction about possible price increase. （他們對物價上漲的可能性進(jìn)行預(yù)測。）

3）The weather scientists predicted a light rain and temperature drop. （氣象專家們預(yù)測有小雨，氣溫將下降。）

4）I cannot predict what will happen. （我無法預(yù)料將會發(fā)生什么事情。）

12.signify v. 表示…的意思；表明；意味著

signification n. 意義；表示

我們講到過-fy是個動詞后綴，意思是make，如identify， beautify， purify等等。

sign是詞根，意思是mark，如：signature （簽字，記號），design （設(shè)計，意圖）

1）“MD” signifies “Doctor of Medicine”。 （“MD”意為“醫(yī)學(xué)博士”。）

2）He signifies consent with a smile. （他微笑表示同意。）

3）The clouds signified the coming storm. （烏云預(yù)示著即將有暴風(fēng)雨。）

4）Signification relies largely upon words and gestures. （表示意思主要靠言詞和示意動作。）

13.secondly adv. 第二，其次

1）He was first of all a dishonesty chap， secondly he was irresponsible. （首先他是個不誠實(shí)的家伙，其次他沒有責(zé)任心。）

2）I don't like this pair of shoes. Firstly the color is awful； secondly it is too expensive.（我不喜歡這雙鞋。首先顏色很糟糕，其次價格太貴。）

14.assign v. 分配；指派；指定；布置

assignment n. 任務(wù)；作業(yè)；分配

1）They assigned me a small room. （他們分給我一個小房間。）

2）I was assigned to the mountain village. （我被派到那個山村工作。）

3）Have you assigned a day for the meeting？ （你們指定了開會日期嗎？）

4）He finished all the homework assignments in two hours. （他用兩小時完成了全部的家庭作業(yè)。）

5）My first major assignment as a reporter was to cover a large scale riot. （我做記者的首次重要任務(wù)是采訪一個大規(guī)模暴動。）

15.marked adj. 明顯的；顯著的

1）The patient showed a marked improvement. （病人的病情顯著好轉(zhuǎn)。）

2）A market police car sped past just now. （剛才一輛有標(biāo)記的警車急駛而過。）

3）The boy showed marked improvements in spelling and reading. （那個男孩在拼寫和閱讀方面有了顯著提高。）

16.widen v. 加寬，放寬擴(kuò)大

我們在前面講到過-en可以做動詞后綴，用在名詞或形容詞后面構(gòu)成動詞，如：lengthen， heighten， shorten， brighten等等。

1）The river widens where it meets the sea. （那條河在入?？谔幾儗捔?。）

2）The road finally widened and we didn't have to worry about traffic blocks any more.（那條路終于拓寬了，我們不用再擔(dān)心交通堵塞了。）

3）The misunderstanding widened the gulf between the two sides. （誤解加深了雙方的隔閡。）

4）His arguments widened my ideas. （他的論點(diǎn)開闊了我的思路。）

5）He stared at me， his eyes widening. （他逼視著我，眼睛睜得大大的。）

17.consistent adj. 堅持的，一貫的，與…符合

consistency n. 一致，連貫，堅持

1）The professor had a consistent attitude towards all his students. （這位教授對他所有的學(xué)生一視同仁。）

2）His deeds are not consistent with his words. （他們言行不一致。）

3）The manager's statement was consistent with the fact. （經(jīng)理的說法與事實(shí)相符。）

4）There is no consistency between the movie and the book. （電影和書的情節(jié)不符。）

5）Her rude behavior is not in consistency with her usual polite nature.（她的粗魯行為和她平時斯文的性情不相符合。）

18.systematically adv. 有系統(tǒng)地；有計劃地

systematic adj. 有系統(tǒng)的，有條理的

1）They did everything systematically. （他們有條不紊地做了一切。）

2）Do you have a systematic plan for the project？ （對于這項工程你們有系統(tǒng)計劃嗎？）

3）These skills are developed in a systematic way. （這些技能是有計劃地發(fā)展的。）

本課簡介

本文作者指出生活中有許多不確定的事物，這種種的不確定支配著我們的語言。我們的日常話語中很多 probably，many，soon，great，little一類的詞。不確定的語言主要有三類。一是如probably，possibly， surely一類詞，代表了一種主觀的可能，是可定量的。二是如many，often，soon一類詞，這類詞雖可定量，但他們表示的是一個知之不確的數(shù) 量。三是如fat，rich，drunk一類詞，這類詞不可能轉(zhuǎn)化為任何可接受的數(shù)目，因為不同的人賦予它們不同的價值觀。

在特定的上下文中，這些詞是有什么意義？與使用者的年齡有何關(guān)聯(lián)？作者告訴我們?nèi)齻€實(shí)驗結(jié)果。一，數(shù)量取決于所涉及的事物；二，所涉及的事物總量的大小會影響到一種說法被賦予的數(shù)值。三，年齡的影響極為明顯。

本課主要語言點(diǎn)

1.Uncertainty spreads through our lives so thoroughly that it dominates our language.

動詞spread的過去式和過去分詞與動詞原形是一樣的。本句中的spread意思是becomes known or shared by more and more people （散布），如：

1）News of the air crash spread quickly. （飛機(jī)墜毀的消息很快傳播開了。）

2）He is making a lecture tour to spread his political influence. （他在作巡回演講以擴(kuò)大自己的政治影響。）

3）People seem to love spreading gossip. （人們似乎愛傳閑話。）

spread這個詞還可以做名詞用，再請看幾個例子，注意spread的意思和詞類：

1）A scene of property spreads out before us. （一幅欣欣向榮的景象展現(xiàn)在我們面前。）

2）The spread of education benefits many girls. （教育的普及使許多女孩得益。）

3）He was spreading peanut butter on bread. （他正往面包上涂花生醬。）

4）Many people died as a result of the spread of fire. （火勢蔓延致使多人喪生。）

5）You many consider spreading the work load. （你可以考慮把工作分?jǐn)傄幌?。?/p>

lives是life的復(fù)數(shù)形式。life做可數(shù)名詞用時，意思是“生命”，“一生，壽命”，如：

1）He nearly lost his life. （他幾乎送了命。）

2）Fourteen children lost their lives in the fire. （十四個孩子在火中喪生。）

3）People spend their lives worrying about wealth and health. （人們一生都在為金錢和健康擔(dān)憂。）

2.Our everyday speech is made up in large part of words…

in part意為“在某種程度上；部分地”；in large part則表示“很大部分”，如：

1）Some forms of mental illness are caused in part by lack of communication. （有些形式的精神疾病部分是由于缺少交流引起的。）

2）The driver should in large part be responsible for the accident. （司機(jī)應(yīng)為這起事故負(fù)大部分責(zé)任。）

Be made up of 意思是“由…組成”，如：

1）The medical team is made up of 4 doctors and 2 nurses. （那個醫(yī)療隊由4名醫(yī)生和2名護(hù)士組成。）

2）His class is made up of 50 students. （他的班級由50名學(xué)生組成。）

3.Atomic war is likely to destroy forever the nation that wages it.

在前面我們已多次碰到be likely to， 我們提到過be likely的主語可以是it，也可以是其他名詞，如：

1）It is likely that he will be here in 30 minutes. （他過30分鐘可能會到這兒。）

2）The disease is likely to spread. （這種疾病可能會傳播。）

It is likely that the disease will spread.

forever是副詞，意思是for good， completely （永遠(yuǎn)地），如：

They will vanish forever into the twilight. （他們將永遠(yuǎn)消失在黃昏里。）

forever與進(jìn)行時態(tài)連用，表示“老是，不斷”，如：

1）She is forever asking to borrow something. （她沒完沒了地向人借東西。）

2）The teacher was forever spotting trivial errors in their calculations. （老師總是在他們的計算中發(fā)現(xiàn)錯誤。）

that wages it是定語從句，修飾nation.Wage在本句中用作動詞，意思是start（發(fā)起，開展），如：They waged a campaign against nuclear tests. （他們開展了反核試驗運(yùn)動。）

4.Lacking any standard for estimating the probability， we are left with the judgment of the editorial writer.

句中的lack 是一個及物動詞，意思是“缺乏”，lack也可用作不及物動詞和名詞，請看下面的例句，注意lack的用法。

1）He wasn't a stern man， in spite of his lack of humor. （盡管他缺少幽默感，但他不是一個苛刻的人。）

2）Lack of funding is making our job more difficult. （資金短缺使我們的工作更加困難。）

3）There was no lack of hands. （人手并不缺。）

4）He is lacking in responsibility. （他不夠負(fù)責(zé)。）

5）Your statement lacks detail. （你的敘述不夠詳盡具體。）

leave sth. with sb. 意思是“把…留給某人”，如：

1）Leave your telephone number with the secretary. （把你的電話號碼留給秘書。）

2）He left his bicycle with his brother when he went on holiday. （他去度假時，把自行車放在他弟弟那兒。）

5.Indeed， it has a value just because it allows us to express judgments when a precise quantitative statement is out of the question.

allow sb. to do sth. 意思是“允許某人做某事”，如：

1）They were allowed to stay there longer. （他們被允許在那兒時間呆長點(diǎn)。）

2）He allowed me to take two books. （他允許我拿兩本書。）

請注意區(qū)別out of the question和out of question：

out of the question意為“不可能的”，“辦不到的”。如：

1）I haven't finished my homework yet， going shopping now is out of the question.（我還沒做完作業(yè)，現(xiàn)在去購物是不可能的。）

2）Going swimming at this time of the year is out of the question. （一年中這個時候游泳是不可能的。）

out of question意為“毫無疑問”。如：

1）Getting some help from her is out of question. （得到她的幫助不成問題。）

2）It is out of question to get the job. （得到那份工作沒問題。）

6.…which are also quantifiable but denote not so much a condition of certainty as a quantity imprecisely known；

not so much…as…意思是“與其說…不如說…”。如：

1）He is not so much a reporter as a writer. （與其說他是一個記者，還不如說他是個作家。）

2）His achievement was made not so much because of luck as because of hard work.（他取得的成就與其說是由于運(yùn)氣，不如說是由于努力。）

7.…which can not be reduced to any accepted number because they are given different values by different people.

reduce的意思是make sth. smaller in size or amount or less in degree （減少，減輕），如：

1）They have promised to reduce the cost. （他們已經(jīng)答應(yīng)降低成本。）

2）The workforce would have to be reduced by 50%. （勞動力將減少百分之五十。）

reduce sb. to a particular state指處于（某種狀態(tài)）；使艱難（處境），用被動語態(tài)時，表示“迫使”。如：

1）He was reduced to begging in the old days. （在舊社會他被逼得討飯。）

2）The old lady was reduced to despair. （老太太陷入了絕望。）

在課文中的這個句子里，be reduced to意思是“使化為，使變?yōu)?rdquo;，如：

1）This kind of analysis reduce the problem to its simplest form. （這種分析方法使問題變得最為簡單。）

2）He had always wanted to reduce his thoughts to writing. （他一直想把自己的思想變成文字。）

8.We have been trying to pin down by experiments what people mean by these expressions in specific contexts，…

pin作名詞用時指“別針，大頭針”，如a safety pin （安全別針）；作動詞用時指“別住”：“使不能行動”，pin down的意思是“準(zhǔn)確說明”，“牽制”。如：

1）He pinned a badge on his jacket. （他在外套上別了一枚徽章。）

2）She pinned the papers together before giving them to the manager. （把文件給經(jīng)理前，她用針把它們別好。）

3）They pinned him down to a promise. （他們迫使他履行諾言。）

4）We are trying to pin down his speech. （我們正努力準(zhǔn)確說明他的講話。）

兩個by在句中都是介詞，表示“靠，用，通過”，如：

1）What do you mean by that？ （你這樣講是什么意思？）

2）He put the young man in an awkward situation by asking him some personal questions.（他通過問一些私人性問題使那個年輕人陷入尷尬。）

9.…we find that the number depends of course on the items involved.

…the size of the population of items influences the value assigned to an expression.

上面兩句中的過去分詞involved和assigned其前都省去了that （which） are （is），做定語修飾items和value.

本課主要短語

1.be made up of

2.in part

3.be likely to

4.be left with

5.allow sb. to do sth.

6.out of the question

7.not so much…as…

8.be reduced to

9.pin down

10.compare with

11.be certain to

12.in place of

Text B    it never rains but it pours！

諺語

1.There is no smoke without fire.

2.Don't wash your dirty linen in the public.

3.It's no use crying over spilt milk.

4.Make the best out of a bad job.

5.It never rains but it pours.

6.Every dog is allowed one bite.

7.One man's meat is another man’s poison.

8.Let sleeping dogs lie.

9.He who rides a tiger is afraid to dismount.

10.A friend in need is a friend indeed.

11.There is no such thing as a free lunch.

短語表達(dá)

1.relevance to / be relevant to

What he said had no relevance to the present question.

They could not forward any relevant proof.

2.believe in

I believe him but I don't believe in him.

He believes in Christianity.

3.pass on to

Would you please pass this message on to Xiao Li？

Thank you for passing the news on to me.

4.in the form of

He showed his appreciation to her in the form of a letter of hanks.

They gave the children a lot of help in the form of books.

5.a reminder of

This proverb can be used as a reminder of the correct way to behave.

This picture is a reminder of my past.

6.in times of

They are said to be more intelligent in times of difficulties.

This could be a comfort in times of trouble.

7.be native to

Rice is believed to be native to China.

This saying is native to the American Indians.

8.go wrong

When anything goes wrong with his car he will hasten to his auto repairman.

I don't know what has gone wrong with my computer.

9.be based on

His comments are based on facts.

This film is based on the life story of a general.

10.date back to

This invention can be dated back to the Han Dynasty.

This old law dated back to the 17th century.

11.pay compensation to

The insurance company would pay compensation to the victims.

The supermarket refused to pay any compensation to the customer.

12.be harmful to

Excessive smoking is harmful to your health.

TV violence is harmful to children.

13.come into contact with

China came into more contact with the outside world in the late 1980s.

We learned more as we came into contact with them.

14.borrow from

He borrowed a lot of money from his friends.

Some of the English words are borrowed from other languages.

15.start on

He started on his journey last week.

You have to get well prepared if you want to start on a dangerous enterprise.

16.in return

They gave you so much help， what are you going to do in return？

I didn't expect any favor from you in return.

17.be reluctant to

He is reluctant to make any comment on this issue.

The boy was reluctant to tell his father the truth.

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（責(zé)任編輯：中大編輯）