本課簡(jiǎn)介

在learned words and popular words這篇課文中，作者對(duì)學(xué)術(shù)詞匯和普通詞匯進(jìn)行了定義。講述了兩類詞匯之間的差異，并且指出把詞分為學(xué)術(shù)的和普通的方便而且有道理。但是人們必須注意，把普通詞匯理解為屬于大眾所有的詞，而不是某個(gè)特定階層的人們所擁有的東西。學(xué)術(shù)詞匯也并非有學(xué)問(wèn)之人專用，只是它的存在是由于書籍和文學(xué)的培養(yǎng)而不是日常會(huì)話的實(shí)際需要。

本課主要語(yǔ)言點(diǎn)

1.In every cultivated language there are two great classes of words which， taken together， make up the whole vocabulary.

class在本句中的意思是“種類”，相當(dāng)于type， category.

class 還常用來(lái)表示“等級(jí)”，如：a second-class hotel (二等旅館);

class 也可以用動(dòng)詞用，意思是“把 …分類;把…看作”，

make up 在本句中的意思是“組成、構(gòu)成”，

用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)則應(yīng)用be made up of，

taken together 過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)做后置定語(yǔ)，對(duì)中心詞做一些附加說(shuō)明，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)非限定性定語(yǔ)從句，要用逗號(hào)和中心詞隔開

2.First，there are those words with which we become familiar in ordinary conversation，which we learn，that is to say，from the members of our own family and from our friends，and which we should know and use even if we could not read or write.

句子中which引導(dǎo)的都是定語(yǔ)從句，修飾中心詞words.第一個(gè)which的前面有介詞with，這兒的with是familiar with中的介詞前置了。Familiar with 意為“熟悉”。如：Are you familiar with the man standing over there?(站在那邊的那個(gè)人你熟悉嗎?)

請(qǐng)注意familiar with 與familiar to 的區(qū)別，familiar with 的主語(yǔ)通常是人，而familiar to的主語(yǔ)通常是物。

that is to say 是插入語(yǔ)，其作用是對(duì)整個(gè)一句話進(jìn)行解釋，類似的插入語(yǔ)還有so to speak， if I may say so， if you don''t mind等等

2)The energy problem concerns us all (能源問(wèn)題關(guān)系到我們每個(gè)人)

stock的意思很多，如“存貨”，“股票”，“公債券”，“牲畜”等。

stock in trade意思是“例行工作”，“常規(guī)”，

4.Such words may be called “popular”， since they belong to the people at large and are not the possession of a limited class only.

since 在句中引導(dǎo)的是一個(gè)原因狀語(yǔ)從句，

at large 在本句中的意思是“整個(gè)”，這個(gè)詞組的意思還有很多，請(qǐng)看下面的句子：

1)The people at large love peace (大多數(shù)人熱愛和平)

2)The virus is still at large (這種病毒還在蔓延)

3)The murderer is still at large (殺人犯仍逍遙法外)

4)He talked at large about his plans (他詳盡地談了自己的計(jì)劃)

5)They made the arrangements at large (他們隨意地做了安排 )

5.請(qǐng)注意區(qū)別與possession 有關(guān)的兩個(gè)詞組：in possession of sth……和 in the possession of sb.

1)He is in possession of this house (他擁有這所房子)

2)The house is in the possession of him

3)On the other hand， our language includes large number of words which are relatively seldom used in ordinary conversation.

英語(yǔ)中有許多表示啟承轉(zhuǎn)合的詞語(yǔ)，閱語(yǔ)中注意這些詞有助于我們提高理解力，寫作中注意用這些詞，有助于我們把文章寫得連貫、有條理。On the other hand 在本句中用來(lái)表示不同或相反的語(yǔ)氣，在前一段中講了popular word 這一段中作者則要講講learned words.表示不同或相反語(yǔ)氣的詞還有很多，比如：Conversely， however， on the contrary， unlike， whereas， yet等等。

前面我們提到過(guò)number可以與可數(shù)名詞連用，而amount可與不可數(shù)名詞連用，如：

1)A large number of students have passed the exam (許多學(xué)生已經(jīng)通過(guò)了考試)

2)They paid a large amount of money for the house (他們付了一大筆錢買了這座房子)

6.Their meanings are known to every educated person， but there is little occasion to use them at home

occasion 通?？梢宰隹蓴?shù)名詞用，意思是“時(shí)刻、場(chǎng)合”;也可以做不可數(shù)名詞用，意思是：“必要性、需要;機(jī)會(huì)”。

7.In the latter，we are using a Latin Derivation which has exactly the same meaning

在前一句中用了“in the first case，” 本句中的“in the latter ”是指in the latter case .對(duì)兩件事分別進(jìn)行表述時(shí)，可以用in the first case， in the latter case 這一類詞，條理非常清楚，也可以用the former，the latter 來(lái)表述。derivation 是derive 的名詞形式。Latin derivation 意思是“拉丁語(yǔ)詞源的詞”

8.The terms “popular”and“l(fā)earned”，as applied to words，are not absolute definitions.本句中的term意思是“術(shù)語(yǔ)、名稱”

term 還有“期限;任期;學(xué)期”的意思，如：

During his 4-year term of office，he did a lot of things for the common people.

(在他四年的任職期間，他為普通百姓做了不少事。)

apply to 在句中的意思是“用于”，如：

1)This rule applies to upper class students only (這條規(guī)則只適用于高年級(jí)學(xué)生。)

2)I don''t think what he says applies to you (我想他的話對(duì)你不適用)

apply for 則是“申請(qǐng)”的意思

9.Still the classification into “l(fā)earned” and “popular” is convenient and sound .

本句中的sound是形容詞，意思是“正確的;明智的”，如：

He felt so happy that he had made a sound decision.

(做了正確的決定，他感到很高興。)

請(qǐng)看下面幾個(gè)句子，注意sound 在句中的意思：

1)He is sound in body and mind (他身心健康)

2)The house is sound .Don''t hesitate to buy it (這所房了完好無(wú)損，別猶豫，買下它)

3)The baby is having a sound sleep.(寶寶在酣睡)

4)Father gave him a sound beating.(父親給他一頓痛打)

10.When we call a word “l(fā)earned” we don''t mean that it is used by learned persons alone， but simply that its presence in the English vocabulary is due to books and the cultivation of literature rather than to the actual needs of ordinary people

not (that)…but (that)。意思“不是…。而是?！比纾?/p>

1)I came here again not because I enjoy the scenery so much but because I like the people .

(我又來(lái)這兒，不是因?yàn)槲叶嘞矚g這兒的景色，而是我愛這兒的人們。)

2)By calling him Shylock， I don''t mean that he is named Shylock，but that he is as miserly as Shylock.

(叫他夏洛克，我不是說(shuō)他的名字叫夏洛克，而是說(shuō)他像夏洛克一樣吝嗇。)

due to 在句中的意思是“由于”，如：

1)His failure was due to carelessness (他的失敗是由于粗心。)

2)Due to lack of funds，they had to postpone the project.(由于缺少資金，他們不得不推遲計(jì)劃)

rather than 在本句的意思是“不是…而是……”，“與其……不如…”

1) He is a writer than a teacher (與其說(shuō)他是教師，不如說(shuō)他是作家。)

2)He lay rather than sit in the armchair (與其說(shuō)他是坐在扶手椅上不如說(shuō)是躺在里面。)

（責(zé)任編輯：lqh）

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