1.表示原因
1）There are three reasons for this.
2）The reasons for this are as follows.
3）The reason for this is obvious.
4）The reason for this is not far to seek.
5）The reason for this is that.……
6）We have good reason to believe that.……
例如：
There are three reasons for the changes that have taken place in our life.Firstly，people's living standard has been greatly improved.Secondly，most people are well paid， and they can afford what they need or like.Last but not least，more and more people prefer to enjoy modern life.
注：如考生寫第一個(gè)句子沒(méi)有把握，可將其改寫成兩個(gè)句子。如：Great changes have taken place in our life. There are three reasons for this.這樣寫可以避免套用中的表達(dá)失誤。
2.表示好處
1）It has the following advantages.
2）It does us a lot of good.
3）It benefits us quite a lot.
4）It is beneficial to us.
5）It is of great benefit to us.
例如：
Books are like friends.They can help us know the world better，and they can open our minds and widen our horizons.Therefore，reading extensively is of great benefit to us.
3.表示壞處
1）It has more disadvantages than advantages.
2）It does us much harm.
3）It is harmfulto us.
例如：
However，everything dividesinto two.Television can also be harmful to us.It can do harm to our health and make us lazy if we spend too much time watching televi- sion.
4.表示重要、必要、困難、方便、可能
1）It is important（necessary，difficult，convenient， possible）for sb.to do sth.
2）We think it necessary to do sth.
3）It plays an important role in our life.
例如：
Computers are now being used everywhere，whether in the government，in schools or in business.Soon， computers will be found in every home，too.We have good reason to say that computers are playing an increasingly important role in our life and we have stepped into the Computer Age.
5.表示措施
1）We should take some effective measures.
2）We should try our best to overcome（conquer）the difficulties.
3）We should do our utmost in doing sth.
4）We should solve the problems that we are confronted（faced）with.
例如：
The housing problem that we are confronted with is becoming more and more serious.Therefore，we must take some effective measures to solve it.
6.表示變化
1）Some changes have taken place in the past five years.
2）A great change will certainly be produced in the world's communications.
3）The computer has brought about many changes in education.
例如：
Some changes have taken place in people's diet in the past five years.The major reasons for these changes are not far to seek.Nowadays，more and more people are switching from grain to meat for protein，and from fruit and vegetable to milk for vitamins.
7.表示事實(shí)、現(xiàn)狀
1）We cannot ignore the fact that.……
2）No one can deny the fact that.……
3）There is no denying the fact that.……
4）This is a phenomenon that many people are interested in.
5）However，that's not the case.
例如：
We cannot ignore the fact that industrialization brings with it the problems of pollution.To solve these problems， we can start by educating the public about the hazards of pollution.The government on its part should also design stricter laws to promote a cleaner environment.
8.表示比較
1）Compared with A，B.……
2）I prefer to read rather than watch TV.
3）There is a striking contrast between them.
例如：
Compared with cars，bicycles have several advantages besides being affordable.Firstly，they do not consume natural resources of petroleum.Secondly，they do not cause the pollution problem.Last but not least，they contribute to people's health by giving them due physical exercise.
9.表示數(shù)量
1）It has increased（decreased）from.……to.……
2）The population in this city has now increased （decreased）to 800，000.
3）The output of July in this factory increased by 15％ compared with that of January.
例如：
With the improvement of the living standard，the proportion of people's income spent on food has decreased while that spent on education has increased.
再如：
From the graph listed above，itcan be seen that student use of computers has increased from an average of less than two hours per week in 1990 to 20 hours in 2000.
注：“From the graph listed above，it can be seen that”見(jiàn)句式12.考生將句式9和句式12結(jié)合在一起，便可較好地寫出2002年6月CET －4、6短文寫作的第一段。
10.表示看法
1）People have（take，adopt，assume）different attitudes towards sth.
2）People have different opinions on this problem.
3）People take different views of（on）the question.
4）Some people believe that.……Others argue that.……
例如：
People have different attitudes towards failure.Some believe that failure leads to success.
Every failure they experience translates into a greater chance of success at their renewed endeavor.However， others are easily discouraged by failures and put themselves into the category of losers.
11.表示結(jié)論
1）In short，it can be said that .……
2）It may be briefly summed up as follows.
3）From what has been mentioned above，we can come to the conclusion that .……
例如：
From what has been mentioned above，we can come to the conclusion that examination is necessary，however， its method should be improved.
注：例句1可用于任何一個(gè)段落的結(jié)論句；例句3則多用文章結(jié)論段的第一句。
12.套語(yǔ)
1）It's well known to us that .……
2）As is known to us，……
3）This is a topic that is being widely talked about.
4）From the graph（table，chart）listed above，it can be seen that .……
5）As aproverb says，“Where there is a will，there is a way.”
例如：
As is well known to us，it is important for the students to know the world outside campus.
The reason for this is obvious.Nowadays，the society is changing and developing rapidly，and the campus is no longer an“ivory tower。As college students，we must get in touch with the world outside the campus.Only in this way can we adapt ourselves to the society quickly after we graduate.
本文導(dǎo)航這是在職人員復(fù)習(xí)考研英語(yǔ)的重要障礙。對(duì)于大多數(shù)的在職人員來(lái)說(shuō)，完全辭職，全心全意地復(fù)習(xí)考研不現(xiàn)實(shí)，必須利用業(yè)余時(shí)間復(fù)習(xí)。三是干擾較多。在職人員常有些社會(huì)活動(dòng)和應(yīng)酬，甚至還要加班和出差，不能像在校大學(xué)生那樣，有整塊兒的時(shí)間復(fù)習(xí)考研。面對(duì)種種困難，在職人員要如何做才能有效地復(fù)習(xí)考研英語(yǔ)呢？
化整為零高效復(fù)習(xí)
在職人員要學(xué)會(huì)利用零散時(shí)間來(lái)學(xué)習(xí)。對(duì)于很多在職人員來(lái)說(shuō)，英語(yǔ)詞匯是復(fù)習(xí)英語(yǔ)的第一關(guān)，但只要考生用心，就能在零散的時(shí)間中攻克詞匯關(guān)。
有兩個(gè)考生的例子，可供借鑒。
有一位考生為了背單詞，他把自己不熟悉的考研大綱中的單詞全都存在一個(gè)word文件里，然后把word文件保存在自己辦公室電腦里，平時(shí)的工休時(shí)間經(jīng)常翻看這些單詞。通過(guò)這樣一個(gè)反復(fù)看和記的過(guò)程，不用專門留出記憶單詞的時(shí)間，基本上把英文單詞復(fù)習(xí)得差不多了。
還有位考生每天上下班開車需要兩個(gè)小時(shí)，他把所有英語(yǔ)單詞的讀音、漢語(yǔ)意思和拼寫都錄了下來(lái)。如“水”，water這個(gè)單詞，他是這么錄的：“water，水，w-a-t-e-r，”。他將錄音文件刻成一張碟放在車上。平常上下班的路上，他就聽(tīng)英語(yǔ)單詞，經(jīng)過(guò)兩三個(gè)月的時(shí)間就把這些單詞基本記住了。
集中時(shí)間攻擊核心
在職人員備考英語(yǔ)，時(shí)間最寶貴。我建議在職人員復(fù)習(xí)英語(yǔ)時(shí)，不要做模擬題，因?yàn)榭忌匠](méi)有那么多時(shí)間?？忌獙⒂邢薜臅r(shí)間全部投入到做往年試題上，而且不要貪多，做五六套就可以了，要將這些試題反復(fù)做熟，確保將其中的單詞、詞組、句子，包括題目的含義等內(nèi)容全部搞清楚。
同題作文多改兩遍
很多在職人員復(fù)習(xí)考研英語(yǔ)時(shí)，通常忽略了寫作練習(xí)?？忌蓪⑼暝囶}中的寫作題目抽出來(lái)練習(xí)，而且一個(gè)作文題目不能只寫一遍，要寫三遍。
第一遍，考生要按照考試要求在20分鐘內(nèi)寫完。有的考生表示，在規(guī)定時(shí)間內(nèi)無(wú)法完成作文，只寫了一半。沒(méi)關(guān)系，如果時(shí)間到了，那就寫到這兒為止，不要再接著寫下去了。第二天，考生可再回過(guò)頭來(lái)寫第二遍。
第二遍，考生先將昨天未完成的文章補(bǔ)全，然后再修改錯(cuò)誤。此時(shí)，考生可修改兩種錯(cuò)誤，一是拼寫錯(cuò)誤，二是語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤。
第三遍，考生要對(duì)照題目要求，檢查一下自己寫的每一句話，看看是否符合。如果有一句話跟題目要求無(wú)關(guān)，就把它換掉。
本文導(dǎo)航1. The writer criticizes visual entertainment because
A. it does not require man's creative powers.
B. it demands too much of our imagination.
C. it can not improve our intelligence and skill.
D. it leads man to slow degeneration in health.
參考答案：C
2. What is regarded as man’s greatest faculty?
A. Entertainment
B. Character
C. Hobbies
D. Imagination
參考答案：D
3. While fully employed, men look for
A. visual entertainment that requires imagination in their leisure.
B. opportunities to create either with their hands or with their minds in their leisure.
C. something that will help them relax in their leisure.
D. creative hobbies in their leisure.
參考答案：C
4. When retired, the elderly people find that
A. shallower pastimes can no longer satisfy them.
B. it is unnecessary to cultivate creative hobbies in their younger days.
C. doing anything after retirement is unnecessary.
D. relaxation is most suitable for their retired life.
參考答案：A
5. It can be inferred from the passage that
A. hobbies are more important to the young than to the elderly.
B. we should develop worthwhile hobbies when we are young.
C. in ancient times entertainment was more visual in character.
D. hobbies are not important in the health of modern men.
參考答案：B
Is teaching important? Well, of course it is. There was a time when the necessary knowledge could be taught to the young by family members. But as societies became more complex and division of labor more common, it was impossible for family members to teach the information and skills young people needed to become useful members of the society. As the need for specialists appeared, the job of teaching came into being in our country, and teaching as a job has been of increasing importance over the past hundred years. Today, we have strict rules for teachers. We hope all children can attend schools. Many things tell us that teaching is indeed an "important" job.
In recent years, there has been an increasing need for teachers to be "responsible". This means that the public expects teachers to succeed in teaching important information to the young. Teachers' salaries today, while not much, certainly are much higher than they were in years past. These increases have come about because people have realized that without enough salaries, people who have abilities will not become teachers. Today almost no one says that "anybody will do" for a teacher. The public expects "quality people" to teach the young, and progress is being made to give salaries that will make people who have abilities become teachers.
1. Before the job of teaching came into being, __ .
A. family members had been responsible for the education of the young
B. specialists had been in charge of teaching young people
C. young people had had to be self-educated
D. the society had played an important role in educating young people
參考答案：A
2. The job of teaching came into being mainly because of __ .
A. the development of the society
B. the explosion of information
C. The need for specialists
D. the civilization of human beings
參考答案：C
3. Teachers' salaries are raised today in order to __ .
A. show the importance of teaching as a job
B. attract more qualified people to become teachers
C. make teachers "responsible" in their teaching
D. improve the quality of public teaching
參考答案：B
4. "Anybody will do" for a teacher means that __ .
A. almost all people want to become a teacher
B. a teacher is so highly respected that people all want to help him
C. a teacher will do whatever he can for his students
D. the job of teaching is so easy that everybody can do it
參考答案：D
5. We know from the passage that __ .
A. it is important to be successful in teaching the young
B. enough salaries are necessary in making quality people become teachers
C. greater progress has to be made in teaching
D. teaching is a product of the society's division of labor
參考答案：B
In ancient times the most important examinations were spoken, not written. In the schools of ancient Greece and Rome, testing usually consisted of saying poetry aloud or giving speeches.
In the European universities of the Middle Ages, students who were working for advanced degrees had to discuss questions in their field of study with people who had made a special study of the subject. This custom exists today as part of the process of testing candidates for the doctor's degree.
Generally, however, modern examinations are written. The written examination, where all students are tested on the same question, was probably not known until the nineteenth century. Perhaps it came into existence with the great increase in population and the development of modern industry. A room full of candidates for a state examination, timed exactly by electric clocks and carefully watched over by managers, resembles a group of workers at an automobile factory. Generally, during examinations teachers and students are expected to act like machines.
One type of test is sometimes called an "objective" test. It is intended to deal with facts, not personal opinions. To make up an objective test the teacher writes a series of questions, each of which has only one correct answer. Along with each question the teacher writes the correct answer and also three statements that look like correct answers to students who have not learned the material properly.
1. In the Middle Ages students ______.
A. took objective tests
B. specialized in one subject
C. were timed by electric clocks
D. never wrote exams
參考答案：D
2. The main idea of paragraph 3 is that ______.
A. workers now take examinations
B. the population has grown
C. there are only written exams
D. examinations are now written and timed
參考答案：D
3. The kind of exams where students must select answers are ______.
A. personal
B. spoken
C. objective
D. written
參考答案：C
4. Modern industry must have developed ______.
A. before the Middle Ages
B. around the 19th century
C. in Greece or Rome
D. machines to take tests
參考答案：B
5. It may be concluded that testing ______.
A. should test only opinions
B. should always be written
C. has changed since the Middle Ages
D. is given only in factories
參考答案：C
本文導(dǎo)航 1） 語(yǔ)氣：
陳述，疑問(wèn)，祈使，虛擬
2） 虛擬語(yǔ)氣：表示一種純?nèi)患傧氲那闆r或主觀愿望，動(dòng)詞需要用一種特殊形式。
形式分為三類：現(xiàn)在虛擬語(yǔ)氣（動(dòng)詞用原形），過(guò)去虛擬語(yǔ)氣（動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去式，但動(dòng)詞be要用were），過(guò)去完成形式（動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去完成時(shí)）。有些情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，如should, would, might常用在虛擬語(yǔ)氣中。
3） 虛擬語(yǔ)氣在條件句中的用法：
虛擬條件句：就是包含條件從句的句子。
條件句分為：
真實(shí)條件句——有些條件句是可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的。
虛擬條件句——有些條件句是純假象的句子。
If we leave now, we can still catch the train.
If I had enough money, I would buy a computer.
If you are waiting for a bus you’d better join the queue.
4) 表示現(xiàn)在和將來(lái)情況的虛擬條件句：
⑴表示現(xiàn)在或?qū)?lái)的虛擬條件句——從句中的謂語(yǔ)（用過(guò)去式形式）；主句謂語(yǔ)（would+動(dòng)詞原形）
If I had a map I would lend it to you.
If you left your bike outside, someone would steal it.
If I were you I’d plant some trees round the house.
注：If I were you句中，were不能改成was,但在第三人稱單數(shù)后用was也可以。如：
If Helen were(was) here how nice it would be!
?、浦骶渲^語(yǔ)有時(shí)也可以由might, could構(gòu)成。
If I could type, I might save a lot of time.
If he had a permit he could get a job.
⑶在條件句從句中有時(shí)還可以用were to +動(dòng)詞，或should+動(dòng)詞。
If he were (was) to resign, who would take his place?
If I should be free tomorrow, I will come to see you.
⑷在某些條件從句中（如were to +動(dòng)詞，should+動(dòng)詞），if有時(shí)可以省略，這時(shí)語(yǔ)序要改為倒裝。
Were I Tom, I would refuse.
Were I in your shoes I would let him know what I thought of him.
Should she be interested, I’ll phone her.
⑸從句有時(shí)可以用If it were not for這種句型，表示“若不是”。
If it were not for your help, we would be in serious trouble.
5） 表示過(guò)去情況的虛擬條件句：（這類從句表示一個(gè)與事實(shí)相反的過(guò)去情況）
?、疟硎具^(guò)去情況的虛擬條件句——條件從句中的謂語(yǔ)（相當(dāng)于過(guò)去式的形式）；主句的謂語(yǔ)（would have+過(guò)去分詞）
If I had known that you were coming, I would have met you at the airport.
If I had left sooner, I’d have caught the bus.
What would you have done if you’d been in my position?
注：在主句中，如果主語(yǔ)是第一人稱，可以用should構(gòu)成謂語(yǔ)。
I should (would) have talked it to my mother if I had thought of it.
?、浦骶渲幸部捎胏ould和might構(gòu)成，有時(shí)還可由should構(gòu)成。
If my father had lived, he could have done all this for me.
If we had found him earlier we might have saved his life.
If he had apologized, you should have done so too.
?、菑木渲幸部捎胔ad not been for來(lái)構(gòu)成謂語(yǔ)，表示“要不是”。
If it hadn’t been for your timely help, we would have got into serious trouble.
If it hadn’t been for her meticulous care, I wouldn’t have got well so soon.
?、萯f有時(shí)可以省略，但后面部分需要倒裝。
Had I not seen it with my own eyes, I would not have believed it.
Had it not been for their support, we couldn’t have won the election.
Had Mark been in charge, it wouldn’t have happened.
其他知識(shí)點(diǎn)：
1) ?？键c(diǎn)有：對(duì)a、過(guò)去的虛擬語(yǔ)氣，b、錯(cuò)綜句的考查，c、還有去掉if將助動(dòng)詞had ，情態(tài)動(dòng)詞should，be動(dòng)詞提前等
2) 要注意哪些詞可以用作虛擬語(yǔ)氣 如as if（though），if only, demand, insist, suggest但要注意suggest 表示“表明”時(shí)不用虛擬語(yǔ)氣,如 her expression suggest that she made a mistake.
3) 要求，建議，命令等+ (should) do，用虛擬語(yǔ)氣demand, insist, require，request, demand, desire, ask(要求),suggest，advise, propose(提議)，urge(催促)，vote（投票），command(命令), order, recommend，intend, petition(懇請(qǐng))。
4) It is adj. that… 用虛擬語(yǔ)氣 important, illegal, essential，vital，appropriate，unfair，dreadful，strange，surprising，natural，unthinkable
5) It’s (high) time后的定語(yǔ)從句中謂語(yǔ)要用虛擬語(yǔ)氣（多用過(guò)去虛擬語(yǔ)氣）
It’s high time we went.
6) 錯(cuò)綜時(shí)間條件句：有些條件句主句謂語(yǔ)和從句謂語(yǔ)表示的動(dòng)作在時(shí)間上并不一致。
If the weather had been more favorable, the corps would be growing still better.
If he had received six more votes, he would be our chairman now.
（責(zé)任編輯：中大編輯）
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